Media Issues and Their Impact on the Audience

Mass communication involves the transfer of information to a large number of people through various types of media such as internet, television, and newspapers. The concept of mass communication is based on the idea of information exchange from one person to another. The media greatly influences the way people undertake their day to day commitments (Baran and Davis 35).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Media Issues and Their Impact on the Audience specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The relationship between the media and the audience seems to be influenced by the changes that occur in the former. The emergence of digital media is the main change that appears to shift the balance between the media and the audience (Dewdney and Ride 253). It is evident that the media serves a crucial role in the society and the changes that occur in it have a great impact on the audience. The mass media, in particular, is seen as a gro up of media organizations. The media organizations are known for their ability to send mediated information through various channels, mainly television and radio. The information sent through mass communication is organized according to the mass media industries such as books and newspapers. The information sent through mass communication also must conform to subsidiary industries that carry out public relations and advertisement practices. This is one of the facts that affect the balance of the power, which resides in the relationship between the media and the audience (Baran and Davis 262). The mass media platforms also affect the society through many ways. Their limited number and vastness of the available mass media imply that just a few individuals can make decisions on the kind of content that is transmitted through mainstream media. Since the information is meant for a large population, it should not be regulated by just a handful of people. In addition, the fact that the inf ormation is produced in a large-scale implies that such information can have mass persuasion on its audience. Although mass production and mass persuasion can be used by a company to control market trends such as competition in a particular industry, it is used by a few organizations to create monopolies in certain sectors (Chaffee and Metzger 366). The vulnerability of the audience is considered one of the main issues that result from the inability to regulate media institutions effectively. The problem seems to be worsened by the emergence of industrialization. The audiences, especially those of the mass media, do not have the power to resist the kind of information that is dispensed by media messages.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The audiences of mass media are considered dependent and powerless. It is believed that mass media is likely to continue exploiting the aud iences since they do not have an alternative source where they can obtain the information they need (Chaffee and Metzger 366). Mass communication also influences the audience through obtrusion. Mass media, such as television and radio, are unprecedented and conspicuous. This problem emanates from the pervasive effect of broadcast media. The fact that broadcast media reaches audiences right in their homes makes it difficult for them to control the consequences it has on them. The content shown through mass media, especially the one that consists of violent and obscene scenes significantly affects the morality and safety of the audiences (Chaffee and Metzger 367). The end of mass media instigated the emergence of a number of new developments in the field. One of these new developments is the digital media, which has brought a lot of changes in the field of communication. The changes brought by digital media assist the audiences to free themselves from the entanglement that the mass me dia has brought them (Baran and Davis 361). One of the main changes that have been brought by digital media is faster speed in sending information from one point to another. Before the emergence of digital media, companies mostly passed their information to the intended audience through print media, which took a lot of time to get delivered. Currently, companies can disseminate the information they deem important and urgent through social media, emails, internet ads, or their websites, which are extremely faster compared to print media (Dewdney and Ride 255). The use of digital media also assists the audience to have full control over what they do with it. Digital media provides audiences with numerous options from which they can choose from. Unlike in the past when audiences could only use one form of media at a go, they can now effectively create and use a combination of several forms including interactive, visual and audio platforms. Such a combination helps the audiences to use the media in a way that is beneficial to them (Dewdney and Ride 256). The issues that are seen in the media, especially in the digital type, as addressed in Chaffee’s and Metzger’s article can be compared to what was outlined in the story of the Obama Hope campaign poster.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Media Issues and Their Impact on the Audience specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Both the story of the poster and the one narrated in Chaffee and Metzger magazine article reinforce the fact that digital media, which marks the end of mass media, brings about the use of new and effective technology to create and promote communication. The new technology can be used to create media that in turn can be useful in expanding businesses as well as the economy (Chaffee and Metzger 372). Works Cited Baran, Stanley J., and Dennis K. Davis. Mass Communication Theory: Foundations, Ferment, and Future. 6th ed. Bel mont, CA: Wadsworth Pub., 1995. Print Chaffee, Steven H., and Miriam J. Metzger. â€Å"The End of Mass Communication?† Mass Communication Society 4.4 (2004): 365-379. Print. Dewdney, Andrew, and Peter Ride. The New Media Handbook. New York, NY: Routledge, 2006. Print. This essay on Media Issues and Their Impact on the Audience was written and submitted by user Joey Bray to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The eNotes Blog An Owls-Eye View of National PoetryMonth

An Owls-Eye View of National PoetryMonth National Poetry Month began in 1996 and has become the largest literary celebration in the world. It is an important reminder to engage with poetry through public and private readings, lectures, and support of local authors. Poetry challenges us to broaden our thinking about the physical and metaphysical by using beautiful imagery, various sonic tools, and myriad forms both classic and contemporary. To celebrate one of our oldest literary forms, we took a peek at what the folks over at Owl Eyes are doing with their poetry library. In honor of this past National Poetry Month, the staff at Owl Eyes compiled and annotated some of their favorite poetical works. At Owl Eyes, the process of celebration was more involved than simply reading the poems; it also encompassed round-table discussions which became a vehicle for categorizing the poems into a few specific, thematic groups based on their elements; namely, the romanticism of natural subjects, the transience of beauty, and criticism of patriarchal influences. The team read each poem, gathered together to collect and share ideas, and then annotated each poem based on core themes. Alongside their annotations, they have begun the process of creating beautiful and original cover art for each poem. Weve gathered our favorite covers and quotes from selected poems- and we invite you to read the rest of the poem and their annotations for free on Owl Eyes. Mending Wall by Robert Frost â€Å"He only says, Good fences make good neighbours. Spring is the mischief in me, and I wonder If I could put a notion in his head: Why do they make good neighbours? Isnt it Where there are cows? But here there are no cows.† There Will Come Soft Rains by  Sara Teasdale â€Å"There will come soft rains and the smell of the ground, And swallows circling with their shimmering sound;† Pied Beauty by  Gerard Manley Hopkins â€Å"Fresh-firecoal chestnut-falls; finches’ wings; Landscape plotted and pieced- fold, fallow, and plough;† The Fish by  Marianne Moore â€Å"sun, split like spun   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  glass, move themselves with spotlight swiftness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  into the crevices-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  in and out, illuminating† Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by  Thomas Gray â€Å"Beneath those rugged elms, that yew-trees shade,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Where heaves the turf in many a mouldering   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  heap, Each in his narrow cell for ever laid,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The rude Forefathers of the hamlet sleep.†

Critical Analysis of strategic Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Critical Analysis of strategic Issues - Essay Example In conclusion, the report gives suggestions and recommendations on how the issues can be amicable. Oman national carrier, Oman Air started its operations in the year 1993. The organization primarily began operating in the local religion before expanding its services to other markets. Within a short period, the company had solidified its position as a leader in the airline industry. Since its formation, Oman Air has managed to transform Muscat into a major economic hub in the Middle East religion. In addition, the city has been able to tap into the numerous business opportunities that have emerged in the market. There has been an increase in population something that has brought up industrial, tourism and commercial business opportunities in the countries capital. Oman Air offers flight services for passengers traveling to different destinations in the world. However, the journey has not been rosy for the airline company. Serious challenges have faced the company in the recent days if unresolved could see the company’s fortunes dwindle. Competition and escalating fuel price s have been some of the challenges facing the airline company (Oman Air, 2015). Oman Air intends to be the leading airline company through the provision of quality services to its customers. In addition, the company hopes to link the world with the Omani and promote its cultural values globally (Oman Air, 2015). Oman Air has made a bold step to ensure provision of quality services to customers by exceeding the expectations of the customers. Reliability, safety, comfort and quality services are some of the factors that the company strives to employee secretly to attract more customers. In addition, the airline also seeks to be involved in community development projects in promoting of tourism activities (Oman Air, 2015). The industry has grown over the years. With the growth of the market, there has

Senior Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Senior Philosophy - Essay Example Aristotle begins by investigating the fundamental purpose of humanity. In doing this, the renowned scholar determines that happiness is not just a feeling or a sensation. According to him, happiness is the ultimate goal of human existence. In his investigation of happiness, he seeks to determine the nature of happiness and its role in the life of an individual. He discovers that happiness is fundamental in the life of every human. Unlike the most prevalent definition of happiness, that attributes happiness to either a feeling or sensation, Aristotle determines that happiness is a prerogative for a successful and fulfilling life. According to him, happiness is a relative concept that means different things to different people. He says, â€Å"Happiness depends on ourselves† (Aristotle 121). In the phrase, Aristotle claims that everyone is everyone’s prerogative. Everyone understands the things that make them happy and in an ideal society one should therefore pursue only s uch. In his foundations of metaphysics, Immanuel Kant begins by defining morality as the personal decision and ability to distinguish between right and wrong. From his definition, Kant understands the relativity of the concept. This implies that morality means different things to different people. This therefore validates the need for base of argument in which everyone counterchecks his or her definition of morality. Morality is behavioral and arises from the traits that one exhibits. The basic definition of either ethics or morality thus rests on the limitation of harm to either self or a third party (Immanuel 61). The social decisions that people make must therefore not harm others. Taking a loan while consciously aware of ones inability to repay is a deliberate cause of harm, which qualifies as both a crime and a sin. The two define unethical conducts that also cause harm to third parties. Question 3 Pleasure is yet another relative concept that means different things to differen t people. Pleasure is an abstract noun and therefore not measurable. However, however, John Stuart Mill sough to develop a concept that would help one measure the quantity of pleasure in an individual and therefore compare the amount of pleasure people feel at different times. The difference in personalities influences the difference in pleasures that people feel. Most people derive pleasure by holding a dominating position (John 66). Whenever people engages in an activity that earns them gratification, they always seek to control such This way, the essence of pleasure sets in thereby fulfilling a previously existing void. However, Stuart explains that it is equally imperative that one concentrates and participate on the activity fully. According to his hypothesis, the level of involvement in the activity is directly proportional to the amount of pleasure that one derives from such. Additionally, pleasure is portrayed in the on both verbal and nonverbal reactions. Through the observ ation of such features as facial expressions and other types of responses as the little gibberish that people make when engaging in such activities, help one determine the amount of pleasure in another. However, the relativity of the concept implies that the level and amount of pleasure depends on the individual and may not correspond with the feelings in another. Question 4 Morality as defined earlier is a behavior determinant that helps people exhibit desirable behaviors. However, the concept is relative as people exhibit various behaviors. Sigmund Freud investigates the concept and determines that morality is social feature that arises from the nature of the society. Coincidentally, Lewis determines that as well. The two psychological scholars agree that morality moderates human behaviors thus limiting harm in the society. Morality as a social concept is therefore relative to the society. This implies that an action considered moral in one society may not be in another. Howe

Ethical issues in Packaging Practices Research Paper

Ethical issues in Packaging Practices - Research Paper Example The world today has progressed towards being more consumer-oriented. One of the most important aspects of marketing is packaging basically since it portrays the origin of a particular product. From a marketing perspective it is important to ensure that the packaging is such that it allures the potential customers and increases the sales of the product. It is important to present sufficient information about the product on its package so that the customers have enough information before deciding to buy a particular product. However, several ethical issues surfaces with the aspect of packaging since in order to ensure proper sale values several factors are compromised with leading to unethical practices. Shrimp present four different ethical issues that are involved with packaging. The four issues primarily include representation graphics, information present on the cover or the label, safety of the packaging material and environmental issues. Graphics for starters, is the key factor which represents the product meant for sale. Some producers and marketers utilize pictures on the packaging case which do not appropriately represent the actual product and in most cases maybe misleading and present a false representation of the product. Labeling and providing information on the labels is another vital aspect of packaging a certain product. The information printed on the body is meant to provide sufficient details to the potential customers.

Role Of Semantics In Communication English Language Essay

Role Of Semantics In Communication English Language Essay The word semantics means the study of meaning. It typically focuses on the relation between the signifers, such as words, phrases, signs and symbols, and what they stand for. Linguistic semantics is defined as the study of meanings that humans use language in expression. Other types of semantics include the semantics of programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics.The word semantic itself denotes a range of ideas, from the fashionable to the highly technological. It is frequently used in ordinary language to denote a problem of understanding that comes down to word collection or connotation. This problem of understanding has been the subject matter of many formal investigations, over a long period of time, most especially in the field of formal semantics. In linguistics, it is the study of interpretation of signs or symbols as used by agents or communities within particular situation and contexts. Within this observation, sounds, facial terminology, body language, phonemics ha ve semantic (significant) content, and each has several branches of study. For instance in written language, such things as paragraph structure and punctuation have semantic content; in other form of languages, there is other semantic content .As mentioned above. the official study of semantics intersects with many other fields of inquiry, including lexicology, syntax, pragmatics, etymology etc though semantics is a well-defined field in its own context, but is often with artificial properties. In language philosophy, semantics and reference are related fields. Further related fields include philology, communication, and semiotics. With the interrelationship between them the formal study of semantics is therefore multifarious in nature. Semantic is in contrast with syntax, the study of the combinatory of units of a language (with no reference to their meaning). In the scientific vocabulary semantics is also known as semasiology. Introduction One of the major reasons for agent abstraction importance in engineering purposes is that it allows necessary complication and disability of todays computer systems to be dealt with better than before. Also the most conventional perspective of agents that intelligent software components, acting on an erratic environment. The typical solution to this problem is to employ a black-box approach, e.g., describing the agent behavior solely by means of its inputs and outputs. Modeling agent behavior within MAS introduces taxing issues, since both the agent internal behavior and interactive behavior are concerned. This is the problem that is addressed by formal semantics of agent communication languages (ACL) (Kone, Shimazu, and Nakajima 2000).This relationship between an agent abstract structural design and the specification of ACL semantics can be highlighted by considering the case of current semantics for ACLs such as, FIPA ACL (FIPA 2000) and KQML (ARPA Knowledge Sharing Initiative 1993; Labrou and Finin1997a; Labrou and Finin 1997b), which relate agent communications to agent mental state (Sadek 1992). For instance, in FIPA ACL, each communicative act specification is equipped by a feasibility precondition (FP).that must hold for the sender, and a rational effect that the sender may suppose to occur on the receiver, even though such an effect is not actually mandatory for the receiver, so as to preserve its autonomy. Both these specification, as well as the actual message content, are given in terms of a quantified, multi-modal logic with modal operators for beliefs (B), desires (C), uncertain beliefs (U), and intentions (I), called Semantic Language (SL) (FIPA 2000), which has its root from the work on the BDI framework. Despite FIPA not mandating any actual architecture for agents, FIPA ACL Semantics perfectly assumes that the agent behavior can be interpreted in terms of a BDI-like architecture,1 which can be pictorially represented. The agent internal machinery should be clearly aware of any communicative act sent or received by the agent (Act). It should be noted that since rational effect are not obligatory for the agent, their logics are not conceptually part of the represented portion of the agent. Instead, details about rational eà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ects can be used by an agent internal machinery to assume the effect on the receiver of the acts it sends, whereas details about the feasibility preconditions can be used to infer the mental state of the sender. Decoupling Specification from Implementation Almost all the known semantics for ACLs are based on the concept of agent mental state, which may result in sending a communicative act, and how the reception of a communicative act may affect the receiver mental state or at least, which are the effects on the receiver that the sender may suppose to occur. In spite, these semantics do not mandate any specific architecture for agents, and are meant to be applicable in general fashion; they implicitly promote the concept of mental state as a notion in the specification of ACLs. This is likely to provide a good support for the cooperation of agents built over BDI frameworks. In fact, these specifications may drive the design of agent protocols (Bergenti, Botelho, Rimassa, and Somacher (2002), may help designing agent planners exploiting the notions of feasibility preconditions and rational effects to understand the effect to communications (Bergenti and Poggi 2001), may provide support to the verification of conformance of an agent implementation with respect to a specification, even though, at this time, this problem has yet to be faced (Wooldridge 1998).On the other hand, serious limits in the workability and applicability become apparent when the ACL specification has to support cooperation among agents built over different architectures. In practice, in those cases where the agent wraps a physical resource, a legacy system, an information system, and so on, it is unclear what is the benefit of supposing its behavior can be understood. Viroli and Omicini (2001).For instance, it is unclear how do feasibility preconditions apply in these cases, and what is the benefit of supposing that some rational effect may occur. Also, this kind of specification is useless to the end of designing the agent wrapper, and makes the problem of proving conformance even more complex. As far as an ACL is concern to help standardizing age nt cooperation, it is clear that the agent abstract architecture implicitly assumed by the ACL. Semantics should be as much abstract and implementation-decoupled as required in order to provide for a widely applicable specification tool. To this end, this easy consider the abstract architecture for agents derived from the ontology developed in Viroli, Moro, and Omicini (2001), which captures the very notion of observation in computer systems. By this framework, agents are represented as observable sources of information, providing their unique individual viewpoint over the world and making it available to other agents. Here the roles of semantic in communication could be explained succinctly by examine the following sequences of communication conversation with the use of semantic set. There are certain number of magnitude of semantic in term of space in this case is four: the normative positions of the speaker and hearer before and after the utterance. Therefore, if d = 4, the number of possible communicative acts is 22352! (Computation of this figure may not be necessary in this context). Consistency is to be anticipated in a domain in which, assumption that agents can observe a common scene and ground their utterances in it, is simply irrational .The focus of that consistency needs to be squarely upon how communication can be described, rather than up library of communication primitives. The aim is to provide agents with a system by which they can tune a language with great accuracy to the needs at hand, and the ability to do this outweighs the potential pitfalls of any particular language. Const ruction process, such as Support Vector Machine (SVM) is thus well suited to domains in which agents might reasonably be expected not to suggest a huge number of different primitives. Primitives were to be submitted for consideration. This would bring down the complexity dramatically (it would no longer be necessary to work on the power set of the points in semantic space), but at the cost of requiringlonger sequences of primitives in from it is one of the advantages of the approach. To explain the function of SVM, three agents could be considered, each of them wishes to introduce communicative acts such as commands, permissive, and co missive acts into a shared communication language. Each act specifies (or partially specifies) transitions of the speaker and hearer acts are represented Lindahl (1997).Here with a set of transitions for the speaker and an equivalent set for the hearer. For instance, an act may state that, before the act, the speaker, i is permitted to remain passive toward the propositional content of the act and after the act, i is committed to remain passive. In other words, i is, before the act, in any of the Lindahl states 1, 2, or 4 and after the act in the state 6. Thus, the set of transitions for the speaker is: {(1, 6), (2, 6), (4, 6)}. For the hearer j, before the act, j is permitted to bring about p and after the act, j is committed to bring about p. In other words, j is, before the act in any of the states 1, 2, or 3 and after the act i n state 5. Thus, the set of transitions for the hearer is: {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)}. This particular communicative act results in the hearer being obliged to bring about p and the speaker being obliged to remain passive toward p: the hearer must bring about p and the speaker cannot interfere. The initial state of the semantic fixing between these three agents is that agents 1, 2, and3 are interested in the following sets of communicative acts being included in the language: Agent 1. This agent wishes to introduce two actions into the language. 1. a, A command that commits the hearer to bring about p such that the hearer is not a priori forbidden from doing so. Speaker: {} Hearer: {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)} 1.b An act that commits the speaker to bring about p such that the agent is a priori forbidden from doing so. Speaker: {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)} Hearer: {} Agent 2. This agent wishes to introduce two actions into the language. 2. a An act that permits the hearer to bring about p such that the agent is a priori committed to remain passive. Speaker: {} Hearer: {(6, 2)} 2.b An act that commits the hearer to remain passive toward p such that the agent is a priori permitted to doing so or remaining passive. Speaker: {} Hearer: {(2, 6)} Agent 3. This agent wishes to introduce two actions into the language: 3. a, A command that commits the hearer to bring about p and the speaker cannot Interfere. Speaker: {(1, 6), (2, 6), (4, 6)} Hearer: {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)} 3. b A put-option act. Speaker: {(2, 6)} Hearer: {(6, 2)} SVM then proceeds in the following way: Round 0. Agent 1 broadcasts initiate (1, 2, and 3) (1-2-3 is the casting vote sequence). The language, L is initialized. Each communicative act specification refers to the changes in normative position of the agents that will take on the roles of speaker and hearer when the act is used during communication. This could be seen in this conversation between three agents Round 1. Agent 1 has the casting vote. Agent 1 broadcasts suggestion (1.a); agent 2 broadcasts suggestion (2.a); and agent 3 broadcasts suggestion (3.a). There is a tie. However, rather than using its casting vote to compel the inclusion of 1.a, agent 1 decides to endorse agent 3s suggestion. Agent 1 broadcasts suggestion (3.a), and so this act is included in L. Round 2. Agent 2 has the casting vote. Agent 1 broadcasts suggestion (1.b); agent 2 broadcasts suggestion (2.a); and agent 3 broadcasts suggestion (3.b). There is a, tie, and so the agent with the casting vote, agent 2, broadcasts suggestion (2.a). 2.a is included in L. Round 3. Agent 3 has the casting vote. Agent 1 broadcasts suggestion (1.b);agent 2 broadcasts suggestion(2.b); and agent 3 broadcasts suggestion(3.b). There is tie, Although 2.a and 2.b use the same transitions as 3.b, 3.b is being introduced for a different purpose-for the trading of options-and so agent 3 uses the casting vote to broadcast suggestion (3.b). 3.b is included in L. Round 4. Agent 1 has the casting vote. Agent 1 broadcasts suggestion (1.b); agent 2 broadcasts suggestion (2.b); and agent 3 broadcasts suggestion (null). There is a tie, and so agent 1 uses the casting vote and broadcasts suggestion(1.b). 1. b is Included in L. Round 5. Agent 2 has the casting vote. Agent 1 broadcasts suggestion (null); agent 2 broadcasts suggestion (2.b); and agent 3 broadcasts suggestion (null). 2.b has the only vote, and so this is included in L. Round 6. Agent 3 has the casting vote. Agent 1 broadcasts suggestion (null); agent 2 broadcasts suggestion (null); and agent 3 broadcasts suggestion (null). SVM terminates. L = {3.a, 2.a, 3.b, 1.b, 2.b}. Here, suppose that agent 2 is responsible for access to an information source. The two acts introduced by these agents, 2.a and 2.b, allow it to permit and forbid access. Although agent 3 is not in control of this information source.. Agent 2, the manager agent is interested in issuing commands and allowing agents to commit to activities, hence its interest in 1.a and 1.b. It does, however, accept the inclusion of 3.a rather than 1.a-it accepts that it should not interfere with agents to whom it has given commands. This simple example explains sorts of communicative actions that can be included in a common language and how the simple voting mechanism may be used to construct such a language. This language can be seen as a subset of a more complete language for managing the activities of agents within an organization. Indeed there all kinds of slight distinctions, but these distinctions have real operational value, which can be exploited by the agents themselves. Finally, the work of Steels and Kaplan (1999) tackles the problem of language acquisition by an axes .Thus focus on a specific semantic space, having axes of color and position. The individual primitives discussed have either specific values on one or more axes (red, blue and on the edge), or have ranges of values on one or more axes (toward the center, close to the left and toward the top). This easy advocated a new approach to agent communication languages. Rather than viewing the specification as an off-line, design-time process, it is clearer now that open multi-agent systems should be a dynamic, run-time process.. Thus, agents can use their knowledge of the dialog type, their communication objectives, and their social relationships with one another to tailor the communication language to their prevailing circumstances hence the role of semantic cannot be underrated in communication.

Black Uhuru :: Essays Papers

Black Uhuru Black Uhuru emerged at the perfect and ideal moment when Jamaica was faced with turmoil, confusions and difficulties. Throughout the late 1970's the country and its people were being faced with outside imperialist threats, political violence, a teetering and unstable economy, covert United States intervention and an angry, politicized youth. Reggae music no longer reflected change and was in need of its own uprising. Black Uhuru was seen through some eyes as the saving grace of this desperate time. The band was originally formed by Derrick"Duckie"Simpson, Don Carlos and Garth Dennis in 1971, and like almost all the front-rank Jamaican groups Black Uhuru proclaims a Rastafarian faith that has been crucial in shaping its music and its message. The religion's core belief is that Haile Selassie, emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 until a year before his death in 1975 was"a divine being, the Messiah, and the champion of the black race." Carlos left the group for a solo career and Dennis left to perform as a member of the successful roots group, Wailing Souls. Simpson remained to what seemed like one of many secondgeneration, Rasta-inspired vocal groups until he was drawn to the powerful and magical voice of Michael Rose. Shortly after Simpson and Rose began recording, they heard the ethereal voice of South Carolina-born, Columbia-graduate and Rasta sister, Sandra"Puma"Jones. It wasn't until Sly Dunbar and Robbie Shakespeare graced the stage along side the trio that they became the Black Uhuru that most are familiar with. Their music combined a deep spirituality, edgy political anger and rhythm driven by the superstar combo of Sly Dunbar and Robbie Shakespeare. The internationally renowned musicians and record producers Sly Dunbar now 46, and Robbie Shakespeare, 45, were both born in Kingston, Jamaica. They started their individual careers as session musicians for local reggae acts, Sly as a drummer and Robbie as a base guitarist. In an interview Sly recalls how he come to know Robbie,"Robbie and I were both playing at different clubs in the same street in downtown Kingston. He was playing at Evil People and I was playing three doors down at Tit for Tat. Our breaks were at different times, and each of us would go to the other club during break and listen to the other band playing. The first time I saw Robbie playing bass I asked"Who's that?"He just seemed so relaxed. We got talking and we would just stand and talk about music for hours.

Promote professional Development Essay

1.1Explain the importance of continually improving knowledge and practice The importance of continually improving my knowledge and working practice is to make sure that I am aware of and adhere to all the current Health and social care standards, legislations and guidelines for good practice in my work place. Professional development refers to the acquisition of skills and knowledge both for personal development and for career enhancement. Improving my personal development benefits not only me, but the company I work for, my staff and the Customers for who I care for. It enables me to keep up to date and change proactively to make sure that the service I offer is relevant and appropriate to care for my customers. The customers must be confident that they can trust the people that they receive the care from and that they know what they are doing and do it well. This should be an ongoing activity which is the â€Å"norm† for a care organisation which will enhance the quality of their work, make staff happier which can only make for positive outcomes for the care service, customers and the staff. As the Care Team Leader of the care service I am responsible for others such as staff, customers, the customers families and visitors etc. so it is imperative that I am knowledgeable in all areas of management to enable me to manage effectively and within the legislations set out by CQC Continuing my professional development has been important for my career and has and will continue to help me progress throughout my chosen career. 1.2Analyse potential barriers to professional development Potential barriers to continuing professional development could be †¢Lack of budget from the organisation – an adequate training budget should be in place and agreed each year to keep up to date with ongoing and new training courses. †¢Lack of supportive staff – staff that are only concerned with earning their wage each month without caring about the knowledge and  training to care for customers properly. †¢No time to train – adequate time needs to be set aside for each staff member so that they understand and are confident it what they are learning and can put it into practice. †¢No encouragement from management/senior staff – Management suggesting and encouraging suitable/mandatory training courses and supporting staff through these. †¢Inadequate regular supervisions – Monthly supervisions to talk privately with staff regarding any help or training requirements is imperative. Staff need to be able to talk openly with management to be able to continue their professional development. It also helps for management to have an open door policy so that staff do not have to wait for the monthly supervision and can continue to improve daily from management experience. These are all Organisational barriers but we can also have personal barriers which prevent professional development. These could be †¢Low self-esteem – If an individual lacks confidence, this can affect how much they are willing to learn †¢Transport issues – If a company are not able to offer in house training or training courses on site and have to go to other training venues it could involve costs that the individual is not willing/able to pay so this needs to be discussed with management. †¢Childcare issues – If a training course is not during normal working hours this could lead to no childcare and can prevent the individual from attending essential training courses, therefore not being able to continue to work. †¢Sick/holiday time – If an individual is unable to attend training due to arranged holidays or unexpected sickness can impair their learning or possible promotion in the work place through lack of qualifications. 1.3compare the use of different sources and systems of support for professional development We all have a world of knowledge and resources. This can be channelled in either a formal and structured approach or by observations. It all depends on the individual’s motivation. Different ways in which professional development can be carried out can be in formal methods such as appraisals and supervisions. I conduct these to assess staffs performances. I look at future goals and identify the needs of the staff member on an individual basis according to the organisations policies and objectives. This will create a plan for them to move forward and identify their training needs to allow them to grow and evolve. This in  turn, in the long run helps not only the individual but the organisation. Shadowing or mentoring is a huge support tool. It is used mostly when employing new members of staff and allows them to see how a more long standing member of staff works. It allows them to pass on their knowledge and expertise and guide them through policies and procedures and allows the new member of staff to find a way in which to work which is in line with these guidelines. The mentor can work with this member of staff throughout their working time; however shadowing/mentoring can be carried out by numerous members of staff on different shifts. This gives the new member of staff different ideas on ways in which to work so that they can find a way of working which is comfortable for them. Within the organisation they can carry out in house training courses to enhance the workers knowledge. This is ongoing throughout the workers time with the organisation. The simplest form of development is the staff communication book. This can be about any aspect of achieving the highest standards in the care setting. All staff have access to this and can share their knowledge of what has worked well throughout the shift to pass over to the next member of staff working. It can also say what has not worked. This can also be expanded upon in regular staff meetings. It can be discussed in depth and at length with everyone having their say. Within our organisation we also have a policy hub in which the carers can access at anytime if they need to read up on something or are unsure of what is expeted of them. Beyond the organisation external agencies can help the company and individuals with professional development. These can include CQC, social services, other health professionals buy offering support and their extensive knowledge. External training agencies can offer free training (NVQ’s) or a more specific training course, which can differ to the in house training an organisation can offer and maybe more beneficial to the employee. They may develop more from a group training session rather than a question and answer knowledge paper. By working alongside all staff members on different shifts it allows me to assess the staff member’s knowledge and experience in an informal way. I can then pass on my knowledge and ability in a practical setting rather than the formal setting of an appraisal/supervision. 1.4Explain factors to consider when selecting opportunities and activities  for keeping knowledge and practice up to date. Prioritising important elements can assist in highlighting what training should be selected. What goals need to be achieved for the customers we have? What training do the staff team want? What training courses are mandatory for a staff team? All these factors need to be considered and then compared to the training budget the organisation has. Cost has to be weighed against what the consequences entail if professional development is not followed through. For example if your customers require lifting/hoisting and the training is missed this could lead to them being left in a very vulnerable position. The management team being up to date on new policies can help them prioritize what training is needed and when. Time is also a consideration. If you have a large staff team it can be difficult to organise training to which they can all attend. This is also true of the place the training is to be held. Is it more advantageous for the training to be held on site rather than all have to travel to a training facility as travelling can create extra cost. We are just going through the process of rearranging all our training to reduce where it being held. Since starting this position the training has been held at different courts within the organisation and can be up to 10 miles away. This has now been reduced so all training is to be held either in house or the next nearest court. I have found this had has a positive effect within my workplace, more carers are turning up to training session and are enquiring about non mandatory training sessions. It may be wise for a manager to look at just sending 1 or 2 members of staff on a course to be trainer trained in several important courses so that they can train other staff in these topics. Although it may be a high cost to start off with it can work out more cost effective in the long run, especially if the organisation has a high turnover of staff. These trainers can then train in house as and when required at times suitable for all staff and at times suited to the rota as to not leave the customers in a vulnerable position due to lack of staff on shift. 2.1 Evaluate own knowledge and performance against standards and benchmarks I have worked in the care sector for 6 years. Before I began my career in care as a support worker I was a stay at home mom. Before choosing my career path I did some research on learning disabilities, autism and challenging behaviour. A lot of this research was done on the internet getting a snap shot of how to care for the service  users. When I began work I started by doing shadowing shifts which involved shadowing an established member of staff so that I could get to know how things were run and to get to know the service users. On these shifts I also read through my company’s policies and procedures. I was given the opportunity to advance my knowledge by attending training courses provided by the company. I found that I could learn more when the course was as part of a group. Learning the codes of practice ensures that I promote and uphold the privacy, dignity and rights of the clients I care for and that I strive to improve the quality of healthcare, care and support through continuing professional development. I achieve this within my job role by ensuring that the customers and their families are informed and included in all aspects of their care planning. The codes of practice state that I am accountable for the quality of my work and take responsibility for maintaining and improving my knowledge and skil ls. This means that if there is a course I could benefit from (which in turn benefits the company) then I should be attending it. By obtaining my NVQ 3 qualification and all in house training courses I was promoted to Senior carer and then between myself and the proprietors we set up a home care business from the care home I was working at and got the position of care coordinator. In this position I have to made sure that my staff and I were up to date on the national standards which are set out by CQC. This means that I had to make sure that there were enough members of staff on shift at all times to keep the service users safe and to meet their needs. That I made sure that all members of staff were trained and had the appropriate knowledge, skills and experience needed to meet their health and welfare needs. To ensure that my staff were well managed and had the correct knowledge, skills and experience through training to meet the service users’ health and welfare needs. If I failed at this then it means that the service I managed would not meet the essential standards set out by CQC which in turn could mean that the service I ran was shut down meaning all employees out of work and vulnerable adults being let down and left in an extremely vulnerable position. I now work as a care team leader which is a similar role but with a larger establishment. 2.2 Prioritise development goals and targets to meet expected standards We have an extensive training programme which covers a range of topics which is ongoing for staff. These include Emergency first aid, food hygiene,  equality, dignity and inclusion, diet and nutrition to name a few. All staff have attend all mandatory courses before they start their shadowing shifts and these are updated as and when required. We also have a lot of non mandatory courses in which the carers attend and can request to atttend. All staff employed (including relief) all have the opportunity to work towards their NVQ level 2, 3 or 5 All employees files have a record of training showing that there is an ongoing programme of development to make sure that they have undertaken training in key areas such as health and safety, person centered approaches, communication and how to safeguard vulnerable people. Training is monitored to make sure it is kept up to date. Specialist training is completed as and when necessary. I also have a training tracker which enables me to see at a glance who is due for training. 3.1 Select learning opportunities to meet development objectives and reflect personal learning style As well as training that is delivered by someone we also have workbooks. These are questions on a specific topic. This is a very specific style which does not suit everyone but due to training budget this is a very cost efficient way to train a staff team on all key essential training standards. It is also used as a refresher if I notice a carers standards are slipping. I am a mix between a visual learner and auditory learner, I like to see pictures or watch DVD’s and visualising an outcome and also like to learn as a group so that I can discuss the topic and to ask questions as and when I need. This involves the use of seen or observed things including pictures, demonstrations and hand-outs. This is why external agencies coming in or me attending training courses is far more beneficial for me than sitting on my own and learning from a book or doing knowledge papers. 3.2 Produce a plan for own professional development, using an appropriate source of support I start my personal development plan by taken a self evaluation, focusing on my strengths as follows: Motivated person Eager to learn new skills Team builder Interested in the care sector Caring I then decide on my goals in my job and where I want to be or what I want to achieve in my job: Now I am a Care Team Leader I want to fully read up on all the essential standards set out by CQC. As I am still fairly new to this post I want to learn everything I can about this job and everything around this. This can not only benefit me but my staff, customers and the business. Keep up to date with the ongoing training. Book my staff any additional/relevant training courses as and when they require them. I then set my goals/plan out. Part of my development as a Care Team Leader is also gaining my level 5 qualification. This expands on my NVQ level 3 and can only benefit me and the business in the long term. What is my goal? What do I need to do? What resources do I need? Who can help me? What is my timescale? Read up and understand all essential standards set out by CQCRead ‘guidance of compliance – Essential standards of quality and safety’ Sign up for email alerts to keep up to date on any changes Download and print out a copy of the booklet. (not only for myself but for staff also) Keep up to date on all training that is available for me Make sure training is completed on time Keep up to date on all policies and procedures set out by the business Complete my level 5 qualification by August 2015 Keep up to date on completing my units Gain more knowledge and experience Become a NVQ assesor. Goals will be added to the development plan as and when 3.3 Establish a process to evaluate the effectiveness of the plan I will evaluate and amend my professional development plan regularly using the SMART technique which is outlined as followed †¢Specific – target a specific area for improvement †¢Measurable – quantify or at least suggest an indicator of progress †¢Assignable – specify who will do it  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Realistic – state what results can realistically be achieved, given available resource’s †¢Time-related – specify when the results can be achieved By doing this I will be able to identify any problems or obstacles which may delay my progress and find ways in which to find the time to get back on track or find alternative ways if I am having trouble achieving them in my current way. At my regular supervisions my PDP will be discussed with my manager and the plan can be added to at any time with suggestions from them and additional ideas from myself. With regular meetings I can see how much I have achieved which will make me strive to achieve so much more but can also identify if the time allocated to a goal is in fact achievable and if not amend the time scale. This is not seen as a failure if not completed when originally said but just adjusting the reality. By completing my level 5 qualification I am setting myself a specific target and my knowledge of the care sector will only expand as I complete each unit. Perhaps learning something I would not of been aware of or looking at a topic in far more depth than I would of done before. I will have outside support from my assessor who will also review if I am setting myself the realistic targets taking into account my day to day role as Care Team Leader and also my personal/family life. 4.1 Compare models of reflective practice Reflective practice is â€Å"the capacity to reflect on action so as to engage in a process of continuous learning†, which some believe is wrong .[1] According to one definition it involves â€Å"paying critical attention to the practical values and theories which inform everyday actions, by examining practice reflectively and reflexively. This leads to developmental insight†.[2] Edgar schon an influential writer on reflection, described reflection in two main ways: reflection in action and reflection on action. Reflection on action is looking back after the event whist reflection in action is happening during the event. I have explored these terms and have found the following: Reflection in action means â€Å"To think about what one is doing whilst one is doing it; it is typically stimulated by surprise, by something which puzzled the practitioner concerned† (Greenwood 1983) Reflection in action allows the person to redesign what they are doing whilst they are doing it. This approach can be used to improve practice by supporting individuals to question their routine work as they carry it out. They may measure their behaviour against their values and values of the organisation to ensure that these are consistent or to try a new approach to an activity and evaluate its success Reflection on action means â€Å"The retrospective contemplation of practice undertaken in order to uncover the knowledge used in practical situations, by analysing and interpreting the information recalled† (Fitzgerald 1994) I can see with reflection on action that it involves turning information into knowledge, by conducting a cognitive post mortem. This approach allows the worker to look at a specific incident, write a report about it and analyse what happened so they can see what additional knowledge or practical support would have been needed to prevent or give the incident a different outcome. It allows the person to establish what they can do to be better prepared when faced with a similar experience in the future, as well as providing an opportunity to identify shortcomings in knowledge or skills which can be rectified by themselves or passed onto management to provide specific training to that individual or as a team. Graham Gibbs discussed the use of structured debriefing. He presented the stages of structured debriefing as follows after the initial experience: Description – What happened? Feelings – What were your reactions and feelings? Evaluation – What was good or bad about the experience? Analysis – What sense can you make of the situation? Conclusion (general) – What can be concluded, in a general sense, from these experiences and the analyses you have undertaken? Conclusion (Specific) – What can be concluded about your own specific, unique, personal situation or way of working? Personal action plans – What are you going to do differently in this type of situation next time? What steps are you going to take on the basis of what you have learnt? 4.2 Explain the importance of reflective practice to improve performance Reflective practice can be an important tool in practice-based professional learning settings where individuals learning from their own professional experiences, rather than from formal teaching or knowledge transfer, may be the most important source of personal professional development and improvement. Further, it is also an important way to be able to bring together theory and practice; through reflection you are able to see and label schools of thought and theory within the context of your work. Reflective practice is important for my growth, to self-evaluate my working practice and so that I can recognise my weaknesses and strengths. Reflective practice enables me to learn from real events and to learn from any mistakes I may have made to help me improve in the future. This can only help in my professional development throughout my career. 4.3 Use reflective practice and feedback from others to improve performance I use reflective practice on a regular basis in my job role. This comes in many different ways. For example; †¢From my staff – they have a very good working knowledge of the care sector and often make suggestions on how things can work better with ways in which we look after our service users. Suggestions on what did not work for them and how we can help make their lives more fulfilled †¢CQC – They visit our establishment for their checks and they can advise how we can improve our service. Not because we are necessarily doing something wrong but because they can advise on a better way. †¢From customers family and friends – These are the people that know the customers the best and although we as an organisation may do things one way they can advise that this may work a different way for their loved ones. I need to learn to use my reflective practice to adapt and learn new ways. Some of the outcomes in using reflective practice may include making changes to my personal opinions or attitudes, undertaking further training to learn new ways of working or to understand a topic better, listening and seeking advice and help form external sources, colleagues etc, also learning from my own mistakes. 4.4 Evaluate how practice has been improved through: †¢Reflection on best practice †¢Reflection on failures and mistakes Reflection on best practice Reflection on best practice helps me think about my own efforts and successes or achievements. Reflection is a critical thinking strategy in which i review and analyse my work, making connections between what I have learnt and my efforts. If I find something that works better than it did before I can then pass it on to the staff also vice versa. Reflection on failures and mistakes Stating what the failure/mistake was, writing an account of why things went wrong, how it could be avoided, who was at fault can only mean that this will not happen again in the future. It will high light how the incident has changed working practices so that this knowledge can be passed on to other staff members and can be improved upon.

Time To Kill Essays - A Time To Kill, Films, Rape, Free Essays

Time To Kill Essays - A Time To Kill, Films, Rape, Free Essays Time to Kill Racism and Justice collide when the life of a ten-year-old black girl, Tonya Hailey, is shattered by two drunken and remorseless young white men , as they brutally beat and rape her. In John Grisham?s novel rape, racism, and justice all prevail throughout the story A Time to Kill. Carl Lee Hailey, the father of the ten-year-old child takes justice into his own hands by murdering his daughters assailants. As his young defense attorney struggles with the law to save his clients life, racism spreads through the streets of Canton. ?She watched as he walked around the tree on her right side, and she stared at him as he stared between her legs. When he lowered his pants she turned to the left and closed her eyes. He was hurting her again.? The two men that had raped the black child, Tonya Hailey, had no respect for the black folks. When they selected their victim they did not care if she was a child, but yet the fact that she was black gave them more reason to take away her rights as a human. This is evident throughout the rape when one of the assailants, Cobb explained; ?...that she was not dead because niggers generally could not be killed by kicking and beating and raping. It took much more, something like a knife or a rope to dispose of a nigger.? (pg.2) After the two intoxicated and remorseless men were done with her, the mostly white town found out about this most inhuman crime. They reacted with shock and horror. ?We picked them up last night for rape.? ?Who?d they rape ?That nigger Hailey his daughter.? ?You?re kidding! (pg.23) The people of the town could not believe that two of their white people could rape a young child. Not only the fact that she was black, but a ten-year-old child. Later on chaos erupted in the town of Mississippi after the father of the raped girl, Carl Lee Hailey took justice into his own outraged hands and murdered her two assailants. Racial tension in the town was already apparent, and excelled to more violent action against the black community after the murders. The people of the town that were white took several actions in trying to interfere with justice. Their first mission was to try and eliminate Carl Lee Hailey?s attorney, Jake Brigance. The reason for their hatred towards him was because he was defending a black man in a racial community. As the trial grew deeper, a number of white towns people joined a group who despised blacks , known as the Kl Klux Klan (KKK). Joining together like this, gave them more power to continue their fight against the blacks and the people involved in the case. For ten days, with burning crosses and the crack of sniper fire spreading through the streets of Clanton, the nation sat spellboun! d as a young defense attorney, Jake Brigance struggles to save his clients life and then his own. ?Hello,? answered Prattle. ?Who?s this asked the voice. ?Deputy Joe Pintle. Who?s this ?Where?s the sheriff ?Asleep, I reckon.? ?Okay listen, and listen real good because this is important and I Ain?t calling? again. You know that Hailey nigger ?Yeah.? ?You know his lawyer, Brigance ?Yeah.? ?Then listen. Sometime between now and three A.M., they?re gonna blow up his house.? (pg.272) As the trial progresses Jake found the only way to save his clients life would be a plead for insanity. His argument would be that Carl Lee Hailey was not in the right frame of mind, he was so hurt and outraged by the rape of his daughter he felt it was the only way to end her pain and his anger. To prove this, Jake?s main witness was a psychiatrist who had the highest credentials in the state of Mississippi. Until the prosecutor, Mr. Buckley, discredited the psychiatrist. ?Dr. Bass, have you ever been convicted of a felony ?Of course not!? Bass answered loudly, desperately. ?Are you certain Buckley thundered. ?Of course I?m certain,? Bass protested. ?You?re certain Buckley asked. ?Yes,? Bass answered through clenched teeth. ?You?re telling this jury that on October 17, 1956, in Dallas, Texas, you were not convicted of a felony under the name of Tyler Bass. No answer. ?You?re telling this jury that on October 17, 1956 you were

Exporting Strategies of SME and MNE

Exporting Strategies of SME and MNE Introduction Exporting is a market entry strategy in which a company sells its products to the target country after manufacturing them in another location. SMEs and MNEs must weigh the advantages and disadvantage of this strategy prior to adopting it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Exporting Strategies of SME and MNE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Analysis Small and medium enterprises can enjoy a number of advantages if they choose exporting as an entry mode. First, the strategy has minimal risk; most SMEs do not have the luxury of taking a lot of risk because they will feel the effect of market shocks almost immediately. Furthermore, the strategy does not require a lot of resource input. This is highly favourable to SMEs because many of them have limited capital to begin with. Therefore, they can only invest in strategies that do not require too much financial commitment. Exporting also minimises the distribution chain within a certain organisation and thus increases the amount of returns gained by the SME. If such companies select market strategies that involve collaboration with various parties, then they may have to share profits with many players, yet amounts may not even be high. Since small businesses are good at giving personal services, the exporting strategy would be ideal for such organisations because it will provide the SME with direct market contact. Companies can get to know their clientele and give them support wherever they are. Additionally, since small and medium enterprises are still at the initial stages of growth, it makes sense to pursue a low commitment entry mode. The firm can gradually increase its commitment to the chosen market after it becomes larger (Lis et. al. 2012). On the flipside, SMEs must contend with the loss of control over marketing mix elements such as price since tariffs may come in the way. Additionally, the strategy will still require investment in sales. Cultural differences between the exporter and the target market could minimise the SMEs chances of success. It is also possible to find trade restrictions in the target country. Small businesses may have difficulties in accessing information about the trade regulations or financing opportunities available in that country. Even finding potential customers may be difficult for SMEs who have little experience in the field.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Exporting for SMEs Advantages Disadvantages minimal risk loss of control over marketing mix negligible resource input investment in sales minimises the distribution chain cultural differences direct market contact accessing information low commitment finding potential customers Multinational enterprises can protect themselves from excess risk if they choose exporting as a market entry strategy. However, most MNEs are already at a mature phase of growth, so they can handle risk. Exporting also provides MNEs with the opportunity of studying a certain market before setting up production facilities. Additionally, this strategy allows the organisation to learn its customers and thus meet their needs effectively. Furthermore, organization may also get an opportunity to protect their copyrights and patents through exporting (Rialp et. al. 2005). Several MNEs take pride in establishment of a strong brand image in target nations. If they choose exporting, then chances are that they will surrender control to overseas stakeholders. Since a lot of resources are already involved in MNEs, then this could prove to be quite troubling for the organisation. Multinationals have the advantage of high levels of experience as well as huge capital investment. Therefore, their market entry mode strategies should be guided by transaction costs or bargaining power. In the transaction cost theory, a firm ought to consider the amount it stands to loose if it makes a strong commitment in a host county, through licensing or full ownership (Taylor et. al. 2000). Therefore, multinationals would find more cost savings if they transferred production to host nations. Since exporting does not entail more cost savings, then it would not be advantageous for multinationals to select it. Additionally, it is quite difficult for MNEs to respond to customer demands as effectively as smaller organisation. Products that require onsite support cannot be sold effectively (Whelan et. al. 2011). Exporting for MNEs Advantages Disadvantages Protection from excess risk surrender control to overseas stakeholders studying a certain market more cost savings elsewhere protect their copyrights and patents slow response to customer demands no consideration of licensing or ownership Having considered the advantages and disadvantages of exporting as a market entry strategy, it is clear that co mpanies must strike a balance between risk aversion and customer contact. SMEs have minimal resources so they are bound to be more risk averse than MNEs; exporting is thus ideal for them. Besides, SMEs are still at the early stages of business growth, so they need to learn new markets before they can increase their commitment. On the other hand, MNEs have already reached a maturity phase, their concern should be cost savings in production rather than risk aversion, so exporting would not make much sense.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Exporting Strategies of SME and MNE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Small and medium sized enterprises are in a position to offer highly personalised service; conversely, MNEs may not prioritise this issue as much as smaller firm, so exporting would be more suitable for SMEs. Nonetheless, both organisations may need to exert control over their businesses if they sell technical items or if they value their brand image. Furthermore, an MNE may have experienced a series of internationalisation failures in various markets; therefore, it may be more risk averse than usual (Ahsan Musteen, 2011). The dependence of most exporting businesses on people power may cause SMEs and MNEs to consider the strategy. Customer support is still a valued trait regardless of whether an enterprise is small or large. Conclusion The low level of commitment associated with exporting strategies is highly appropriate for SMEs as they have few resources and are still growing. SMEs do not have the luxury of risk-taking, and they value the personalisation of services; these are all qualities that are synonymous with exporting. Conversely, MNEs can afford risk and if they choose exporting, they would loose the benefit of transferring production to an economical location. Furthermore, some of the benefits of exporting, like personalisation of services, are not valuable to MNEs. These factors ma ke exporting more appropriate for SMEs than MNEs References Ahsan, M Musteen, M 2011, ‘Multinational enterprises’ entry mode strategies and uncertainty: A review and extension’, International Journal of Management Reviews, vol. 13 no. 4, pp. 376-392. Lis, B, Nienstedt, H, Proner, P, Yalazo, G Mauch, A 2012, ‘SMEs going global: A comparison of internationalisation strategies of publishers and online social networks’, International Review of Management and Marketing, vol. 2 no. 1, pp. 1-9. Rialp, A, Rialp, J Knight, M 2005, ‘The phenomenon of international new ventures, global start ups and born-globals: what do we know after a decade (1993-2002) of exhaustive scientific inquiry?’, International Business Review, vol. 14, pp. 147-166.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Taylor, C, Osland, G Zou, S 2000, ‘Foreign market entry strategies of Japanese MNCs’, International Marketing Review, vol. 17 no. 2, pp. 146-156. Whelan, J, Marshall, R Ryan, G 2011, ‘Multinational companies account for bulk of irish exports’, IDA Ireland, 27 July, p. 15.

Financial effects and constraint paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Financial effects and constraint paper - Essay Example A pharmacy can play a significant role in research and development of a hospital so as to come up with new medicines and cures for diseases and thus pose direct completion to pharmaceutical companies with cheaper medicines and other drug related products and small and simple surgical tools. The pharmacy here can provide effective analysis on the development of drugs. These drugs can then be tested on animals or patients in the hospital aiding to lower promotion cost of the developed drugs. Besides, the most obvious effect of a pharmacy on operations management of a hospital is that it can be an additional source of revenue for the hospitals as the patients coming to the hospital are more likely to buy medicines from there. Plus it helps the doctors etc to get medicines quickly rather than having to go anywhere far to get medicines, drugs, or any surgical items they need. This will help speed up operations of the hospital by providing quick service to patients. To facilitate operations management, a pharmacy can evaluate and correctly interpret the complete medication order. To facilitate patient data and its analysis, a pharmacy can play a significant role in evaluation of patient record for potential interactions. This information can be communicated to health Care Professionals who would then accurately forecast demand for new medicinal products. A pharmacist at a pharmacy can better transcribe telephoned orders and other medical information and also deal with buyers and suppliers in a professional manner. A pharmacist at a pharmacy can better advise a doctor on reviewing alternative courses of action, and making decision to resolve drug/therapy problems. Also a pharmacy can work with other departments and committees in the hospital to see what drugs are the most effective ones. The pharmacist has the understanding of drug quality specifications drugs to be procured as he can assess the reliability, price- value, and quality

Financial Reporting in the Face of Accounting Scandals Essay

Financial Reporting in the Face of Accounting Scandals - Essay Example The job of financial reporting is to give an overview of the short and long term financial position of a company. This is done by producing the Balance sheet, which provides a picture of the company at a point in time, the Income Statement which gives an account of the business's performance during the year in terms of revenues and expenses, the Cash flow Statement which presents the cash inflows and outflows fro the company divided into operating, investing and financing activities and finally the statement of changes in equity which basically explains the change in a retained earnings of the company during the financial year (Graham 2005). These four statements are aided in understanding by notes to the financial statements which provide additional and in depth information about specific items mentioned in the four statements. Accurate and transparent financial reporting of a company's accounts is significantly important in this age of massive investments. The four statements listed above provide information to the investors in making important investment decisions and to lenders regarding credit decisions (Piotroski 2000). This is done based on the position of the company presented in the financial statements which allows investors to judge whether the company is profitable and whether they would be able to get a significant return on their investments with this company. Creditors similarly can judge the ability of the company to pay off its debt in the future and whether they will be able to receive their money back with the interest payments. These statements are also utilized for assessing the cash flow prospects of the company as well with the same purpose in mind, to benefit investors and creditors. Cash flow projections are very important for decision making as cash inflows and outflows are ultimat ely the most important things in terms of a company's ability to payoff investors and creditors. Without this liquidity, there would be little to payoff with (Kaplan 1995). Furthermore, financial reporting gives information about the ownership of assets of the company and its related liabilities which allows users of the statements to assess what the company holds and how it is performing in general. It is also an indicator of the management's performance during a fiscal year, allowing shareholders to judge whether the current crop of management and the Board of Directors is doing a good job handling their investment (Kaplan 1995). As such, the existing shareholders of the company need financial reporting to assess whether their investments are worthwhile. Prospective investors can utilize them to judge whether the company presents a better investment option compared to others in the industry and in general. The all important tax collections that government authorities perform are b ased on the financial statements of the companies which make them important for the Government (Watts 2003). Even the employees of the company, who are organized in the form of labor unions in many countries, use the financial statements to assess the company's performance and negotiate for compensation and promotion with the management. Financial analysts and those on the