Atlantic Slave Trade

The Atlantic slave exchange, between the fifteenth and the nineteenth hundreds of years, was the biggest constrained movement throughout the entire existence of humanity. This relocation was particular from others of the sort, as far as its resenting nature, record breaking death rates and the estrangement of ages from their underlying foundations. This article intends to investigate the different variables that prompted the advancement of Atlantic slave exchange political, mechanical, social and economic.It additionally examinations the productivity of the exchange from the perspective of the different partners entrapped in this epic exchange organize lords, slave merchants and predicament, grower and normal customers. POLITICAL FACTORS The longing of the Europeans particularly Portuguese, Spanish, British and the Dutch for investigation, colonization and dominion was a central point in extending the slave exchange arranges the Atlantic. As talked about by Timothy P.Grady in the book The Atlantic World 1450-2000, adventurers from Portugal, Spain and other European countries extended the geographic information southward along the shoreline of Africa a nd westbound over the Atlantic shores of the Americas. The desire for this investigation was activated by the fall of Constantinople in May 1943, the last remnant of the Roman Empire, to the Muslim Turks which shook the courage of the European nations and the Christian confidence. The extension of the Ottoman Empire around the Mediterranean district denied European dealers of the rewarding exchange courses along the Silk Road toward the East. The danger of lost correspondence and exchange courses over the Mediterranean into China, India and different locales of eastern Asia and lost access to silk and different valuable wares conveyed along this course, constrained Europeans to investigate interchange exchange courses to Asia by turning westbound for new chances. Revelation of new courses west of Europe through the Atlantic, prompted European appearance off West shoreline of Africa in the late fifteenth century.By mid seventeenth century, the coast line of West Africa was invaded by fifty strongholds and slave exchanging posts of contending European nations Portugal, Spain, Britain, Holland, Denmark, Sweden and Germany partitioning the coastline into - ? Ivory Coast, Gold Coast and Slave Coast. The political set up in Africa additionally encouraged slave excha nge. Africa was separated into various little and huge states, chieftains and autonomous towns each with their own type of government, religion, customs and radiations. These regions frequently battled with one another and the hostages of war were taken as slaves. Such clashes were legitimized wars which as per Warren. C. Whitley was characteristic battles Of country building directed in the ordinary course of undertakings. The prisoners alluded to as joint-results of war or taken products were then sent out. With the appearance of the Europeans, household clashes became slave attacks. As Robin Law stated, the Kingdom of Doomed overwhelmed the slave attacking and exchanging from 1 715 to 1850. Their rulers held an illustrious syndication on the exchange and led slave helps through their armed forces. In this manner the political desire of the European and African government prompted the advancement of the slave exchange. Innovative FACTORS The improvements in innovation and its effect on route, transport building, and guns helped the development in Atlantic slave exchange. Route The craving for investigation prodded European researchers, guides and mariners to grow their insight into geology and devise better approaches for outlining and mapping their excursions. Expanded utilization of great importance glass and logs to quantify time and separation and the Portola outlines unmistakably archived navigation.In 1462, the Portuguese guides conceived techniques for making sense of scopes by estimating the tallness of the Pole Star over the skyline. Later in 1484, stargazers in the court of King Jiao II, utilizing the early afternoon sun to figure scopes, created a lot Of declination tables. Under the support of sovereign Henry of Portugal, other noteworthy advancements were made in t he investigation of winds, tides and sea flows; reports from past investigations were arranged and maps and outlines were persistently improved. In this manner a decent number of issues related with route were settled by late fifteenth century.As route over the incredible seas got reasonable, the transportation of the slaves between the landmasses Europe, Africa and America turned out to be less confounded. Boat Building The progressions to the plan and functionalities of the European boats were another main consideration that added to the extension of Atlantic slave exchange. Between the fourteenth and mid-nineteenth hundreds of years, cruising ships were the fundamental methods for transport of the slaves. These cruising ships continued changing after some time as far as structure, fittings, types of gear and materials utilized as sail. SE of here to four poles, strong body, square latten and sprit sails, and harsh rudder improved their cruising force, speed and facilitated control of the boats in wild climate conditions. Little ships, for example, the caravel, exceptionally terrible boats presented in the fifteenth century urged the Portuguese to investigate locales around West African coast, for example, Senegal and Cape Verve and Canary islands to make sure about staples, gold and slaves. Different boats planned by Portuguese for movement in the Atlantic Ocean were the splits, four ace boats and the ship, intensely outfitted multi deck cruising ships.The transports additionally ere in size and multi decks had the option to oblige bigger number of slaves. The mean tonnage of the slave ships from Liverpool in 1730 was 75 tons. This expanded to 130 tons in 1 790 and 226 tons in 1805. Weapons The incomparability of Europe in the slave exchange was driven by its firearms, guns and restrictions. They utilized an assortment of weapons to undermine the slaves and the adversary ships adrift, to keep up control both ashore and adrift. The dissemination of the new black powder innovation quickened the slave exchange. The African people group, undermined by outfitted neighbors, depended on exchanging the patties for black powder, weapons and muskets.In the expressions of Warren. C. Whitley, the endless loop, an assault or be struck weapons contest known as the Gun-Slave-Cycle was made. The substitution of the ineffectual matchlock black powder gun by the flintlock nil 6805, definitely expanded guns request in West Africa. As per J. E. Nikkei, the guns imported from England during the eighteenth century were somewhere in the range of 283,000 and 394,000 weapons for each annum. The interest for guns from West Africa was high to the point that assembling organizations, for example, Farmer and Gallon had to pressurize their laborers to expand production.The interest for guns was coordinated by flexibly of slaves. The improvements in controlling innovation supported the slave exchange terms of threatening the slaves and lessening get away. The restrictions utilized in the exchange included, neck limitations, iron collars connected by chains, tongue limitations and leg and wrist shackles to hamper development. The capacity to stow more slaves per cubic foot of the boat, capacity to explore better around the bank Of Africa, the decrease in escapees because of draconian limitations, and the association of fortresses around the coast to hold up the prisoners assisted with lessening costs and advance trade.SOCIAL FACTORS Af rican Demand for merchandise from Europe The presentation of a wide scope of utilization products in West Africa, the ownership officio involved societal position and force, was another factor prompting the improvement of Atlantic slave exchange. The African interest for iron and copper bars, materials, salt, stoneware, weapons and guns, rum, wine, gin and cowries shells and an assortment of both European and oriental products profoundly affected slave exchange. The requests for these merchandise were high to such an extent that the European providers couldn't adapt to the expanded demand.J. E. Nikkei remarked that guns and materials were in such popularity by the slave brokers that they were not set up to clear their slave freight, in the event that they were not happy with the amount of flexibly of these things of exchange. The dealers were happy to exchange their profound quality to catch slaves trade for European products. Alan Rice obviously recognizes this when he declares, The longing for extravagance merchandise was extraordinary to such an extent that these African elites would entrust war hostages and household captives to an obscure destiny over the sea in return for them. Development in Slave exchanging establishments Growth social foundations to play out a progressively composed slave exchange was a key factor in Atlantic slave exchange. The expansion popular and costs of slaves energized the improvement of different foundations to address the issues related with the exchange catch, subjugation, flavoring, exchange, guidelines and tax assessment. The dealers investigated better approaches for catching the slaves misleading, hijacking, trap assaults, advancing clashes among towns and the falsification of family replacement for the runaways.The capture of Aloud Equation in asses in his words, One day when every one of our kin were one out to their fills in as common and just I and my sister were gone out, two men and lady got over our dividers and in a second held onto us both And escaped with us into the closest wood. The dry spell and starvation in Africa because of minor rainfalls in the Savannah zones Angola and the fields reaching out from Assignment to Cameron, constrained plundering families to sell themselves. Individuals were too poor to even think about surviving and offered themselves as guarantee for credits.Non reimbursement made them slaves. Improvement of requirement instruments likewise energized the slave exchange. Credit was offered to slave merchants to take care of expenses of securing shipping and lodging slaves until they were boarded on the boats. Different sorts of such instruments, portrayed by Warren. C. Whitley were the utilization of production lines and posts as holding pens and distribution centers, African kayak houses and other exchange alliances, mystery social orders and arrangements among European and Af

Dynamics of Modernity: Berman Canclini

Elements of Modernity: Berman Canclini Look into Marshall Bermans and Nestor Garcia Canclinis record of the elements of Modernity To be present day is to carry on with an existence of mystery and logical inconsistency. It is to be overwhelmed by the massive bureaucratic associations that have the ability to control and frequently to obliterate all networks, qualities, lives; but to be courageous in our assurance to confront these powers, to battle to change their reality and make it our own. (Berman:1983:13-14) Innovation has for quite some time been hailed as one of the most impressive powers to have developed on the planet, with the limit, as per Marx, to move mountains, and to guarantee that all that is strong melts into air. Inside the announcement by Berman that starts this paper, we can see one of the elements that has made this impression. Advancement, notwithstanding its more profound roots, starts to be discussed by a progression of masterminds who join a high level of deliberation with a basic to act. Along these lines Marx contends for enormous engines of authentic telos that exist outside of our will, and simultaneously contends for an innate need to change recorded conditions. This connection among deliberation and solidness is maybe the most major dynamic of advancement. It offers ascend to the arranged economies of socialism, and the controlled biopower of current expresses that Foucault (1998) discusses, which endeavor to run over the capacity of life itself. Simultaneously is offers ascend to what Badiou (2005:12) calls the enthusiasm for the genuine; the quest for a valid presence without the convictions with which past ages lived. What is vital about these two developments is the manner by which they arch one another. The possibility of legitimate will gets conceivable just with the breakdown of excellent accounts and the ascent of managed life, and the directed life at that point utilizes a similar idea of self-satisfaction inside industrialism to additionally have the option to oversee biopower. It is this covalence that is major to innovation, and which this exposition will contend is totally misjudged by Berman. One reason for this is, as Braudel (1995:14) notes, â€Å"each civilisation will in general overestimate its own objectivity.† Likewise, each age will in general consider itself to be more one of a kind than the last. Be that as it may, this is especially an issue with the period called innovation in light of the fact that during this period it was figured explanation could break with the past, and a perfect world of the state was conceivable. We can see this heritage in both the Communist e conomies and in the creative developments, for example, Marinettis futurism, which had as its witticism: â€Å"make it new.† It is absolutely this snare Berman falls into: befuddling the thoughts of advancement with the impacts of modernisation. Indeed, Bermans fetishished thoughts of will and validness, happened in the ahistorical telos of his pioneer planar turn of events, look like nothing as much as a 19c treatise on the development of history. Maybe part of the explanation behind this is the mix of Bermans European sources with his experience in the solid nonconformist custom of American logic, as should be obvious in his first book (1970). Canclini stands only south of Berman, yet from the viewpoint of Mexico, innovation is a not a completed undertaking to be discussed nostalgically in the manner Berman does. Since this undertaking is incomplete, Canclini is vastly improved set to comprehend the complex and interlaced connection between what is developed as custom and what is built as advancement. His idea of hybridity, set with regards to a substantial dependence on Gramscis hypothesis of authority, permits one to comprehend that preeminent classification of advancement: custom. For example, Canclini notes (1995a:53) that there is no reasonable line among well known and domineering society, in light of the fact that (ibid:75) worker culture is vital for private enterprise as an image of national personality and on the gr ounds that (ibid:83) it offers the development of an authority through the administration of social fragmentation.† Thus advancement can be seen here as a crossover structure whereby old characters are prepared instead of changed and removed. Canclini comprehends that innovation, on the off chance that it implies anything, implies a change in hidden structure instead of the sort of social universalism which lies as the feeling of crafted by Berman. This exposition will consider how Berman sets up the elements of advancement inside this ahistorical pattern, and contend, as recently suggested, that he misses the significant parts of the connection. It will likewise be contended that Canclini, inside his considerably more unassuming task, comprehends the fundamental elements of the theoretical and the solid to a far more noteworthy degree. Maybe Bermans issues start with his tripartite division of advancement into innovation, modernisation and the cutting edge, without each taking a gander at how these classes are commonly constitutive of one another. Advancement, Berman clarifies is (1983:15): â€Å"a method of fundamental experience †experience of reality, of oneself as well as other people, of lifes potential outcomes and perils.† Bermans book is a greater amount of a summoning than an insightful contention, yet in any case is appears to be appropriate to demand some proof for such a case: did different ages not experience existence? The issue here isn't just that Bermans speculations don't reveal to us anything about innovation, yet that they cover the genuine elements of the procedure. For example, Berman regularly demands the feeling of freshness, of genuine experience, inside innovation. However comprehended as what Berman interprets it to be, the feeling of the new isn't an encounter specific to adv ancement by any means. What is significant here about the elements of innovation is the manner by which the experience of the new, what Berman calls advancement, is a fundamental piece of the procedure of modernisation. This has been contended well by one of Bermans guaranteed motivations, Walter Benjamin, whose Arcades Project (2002) follows the manner by which a feeling of miracle was utilized to make the shopper reasonableness. This is likewise spread out in crafted by Canclini, who narratives the ground-breaking political impact made by developing advancement as something to come †around which one can activate individuals towards new personalities and on new political undertakings. In any case, this is a digressive impact, instead of an on a very basic level new ontological opportunities for the cutting edge subject, and Berman affirms the last as a property of the previous without giving a solitary contention. Rather, Berman (1983:15) gives us summoning and modifier, one hung after the other. The basic dynamic of advancement for him is: â€Å"modernity is a confusing solidarity, a solidarity of disunity: it empties every one of us into a bedlam of unending deterioration, of battle and logical inconsistency, of vagueness and anguish.† Underlying this purple writing is Marxs articulation, that rouses the books title, that all that is strong melts into air. However what Marx is discussing is the capacity of funding to sabotage use-esteem and make a universe of individuals distanced from their work and removed of surplus worth. Presently one can disagree with Marxs account, (as Baudrillard (1983) most helpfully does by bringing up that utilization esteem is likewise a fetishisation, this season of realness, and that the first distance happens with the development of significant worth) yet what he causes to notice is the manner in which individuals consider the to be of free enterprise a s genuine: capital is seen by individuals in Marx as something really existing, instead of a whirlwind of ceaseless crumbling. Here, Berman neglects to give legitimate record of why he veers from Marx. What would we be able to rescue from Bermans record of the elements of advancement? It is consistent with state that the political subject in advancement was thought of as enormously adaptable and fit for ceaseless rehash. Despite the fact that it must be included that this idea has a lot more extensive recorded roots that Berman gives acknowledgment for: one would already be able to see it in Machiavellis (2004) thought that individuals are equipped for concealing their aims and this establishes the reason for legislative issues. Be that as it may, this constant opportunities for reexamination prompted probably the most firm arrangements of progressions the world has seen for quite a while: class war, the custom of the French bourgeoisie, and the cutting edge state. Berman discounts in a couple of lines the greater part of the incredible scholars who have examined this commonly constitutive connections, Adorno here justifying a line. Canclini, conversely, is aware of the manner in w hich the alleged originality of innovation capacity to protect power, and in his record of advancement in Mexico causes to notice the manner in which novelty is made a coherence of custom and domineering force. Berman then isolates out modernization as the social procedure that brings this whirlwind into being. In doing so he diagrams some away from between the periods of innovation. These stages take after nothing to such an extent as the away from steps of early present day scholars like Morgan. In doing so he makes a joke of the patient work of individuals like Arrighi (1994), who have attempted to reveal all the congruities that exist between various periods. Besides, his record isn't even inside steady. There is inadequate clearness in his work with respect to the contrast between the 19C and 20C: Pushkin and Biely are made appearances of a similar development, regardless of the broadly various driving forces that educate their work. What Canclinis work figures out how to do very well is to comprehend the manner by which innovation, more than some other age (for it is simply the age of men who impact the world forever themselves without dependence on strict accounts) is complicit in it s own development of history. He follows the manner by which history is utilized as a political instrument, and that the capacity of the sort of planar divisions Berman utilizes is to separate a congruity from a progression. Or, in other words that such divisions work as a political apparatus to remove a

How to Talk to Your Doctor About Depression

How to Talk to Your Doctor About Depression Depression Print How to Tell Your Doctor Youre Depressed By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on September 15, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 10, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids LWA / Dann Tardif / Getty Images If you havent been feeling like yourself and think you might be depressed, speak with your family doctor first if you have one. If you dont have one, then scheduling an appointment with a general practitioner would be a good place to start. The reason for this recommendation is that there are several medical conditions, such as vitamin and mineral deficiencies, hormonal changes, and thyroid conditions  that can cause symptoms similar to depression.?? Its also possible that your depressed feelings could be the result of medication side effects or some other cause. By giving you a thorough checkup, your doctor can rule out any other potential causes of your depression symptoms. In addition, depending upon how your insurance works, it may be necessary to see your primary physician first in order to obtain a referral to a more specialized mental health care provider, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist. Depression Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF What Kind of Doctor Should You See for Your Depression? Asking for Help While you may feel embarrassed to ask for help, it is not necessary to feel this way. Depression is a very common condition and your doctor is already quite familiar with it. It will not seem strange or shameful in any way to your doctor that you are feeling depressed. In addition, you dont need to worry about your friends, family, or employer finding out about your depression. The HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) Privacy Rule prevents your physician from disclosing your private medical information without your permission.?? How to Bring up the Topic of Depression Tell your doctor that you havent been feeling like yourself and you believe that you might be depressed. This will open the door for your doctor to get you the help that you need. Diagnostic Tests to Expect Unfortunately, there isnt currently a definitive lab test that can be used to diagnose depression so your doctor will do a few things. First, your doctor will perform a physical exam and run several different blood tests to rule out other conditions that might be causing your symptoms. Some of the possible tests might include: Complete blood count (CBC)Thyroid function checkCreatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)Liver function checkFasting blood glucoseCholesterolCalcium and magnesium level Next, your doctor may ask you some questions to determine whether you have any possible risk factors for depression. Some of the known risk factors for depression include: Being femaleBeing under stressUndergoing adverse events during childhoodHaving certain personality traitsHaving a family history of depressionNot having many friends or personal relationshipsHaving recently given birthHaving a history of depressionHaving a serious illnessTaking certain prescription medicationsDrug or alcohol use In addition, your doctor may ask you about what symptoms you are experiencing. Among the symptoms they might ask you about are: Feelings of sadness or depressionNot enjoying things like you used toChanges in appetite or weightInsomnia or sleeping more than usualFeeling restlessFeeling extremely tiredFeeling hopelessFeeling worthlessFeeling helplessFeeling guiltyHaving problems thinking, concentrating, or making decisionsThinking frequently about death or suicide Finally, your doctor will supplement all of the information that you provide with their own observations of your behavior. People with depression often exhibit the following signs: Appearing preoccupiedAvoiding eye contactNot remembering things or appearing to have trouble concentratingPacing, wringing their hands, or pulling at their hairAppearing agitatedSpeaking slowly with long pausesSighingMoving slowlyBeing self-deprecatingCrying or appearing sad The Warning Signs of Depression Treatment Options If your doctor has ruled out other possible causes for how you are feeling and feels that your symptoms and history are indicative of depression, they will either opt to treat you using antidepressant medications or they may instead refer you to a mental health professional such as a psychiatrist or psychotherapist (or both). Psychiatrists have specialized training and expertise with using medications to treat depression and mental illness while psychotherapists specialize in using talk therapy to help you with your depression. A combination of the two approaches is often the best way to treat depression. Psychotherapy There are a number of different types of psychotherapy that can be effective in the treatment of depression. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is a short-term approach (often between 5 and 15 sessions) that focuses on identifying negative thought patterns, replacing them with more helpful ones, and learning new coping strategies. Interpersonal therapy (IPT) is short-term like CBT and focuses on identifying problems in relationships and then improving how people relate and communicate with others.   Medications Your doctor or psychiatrist may also prescribe some type of medication to treat your depression. Some of the different types of antidepressants that your doctor or psychiatrist may prescribe include: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as Prozac (fluoxetine) and Zoloft (sertraline), which act to increase the amount of serotonin in the brain.Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) such as Effexor (venlafaxine) and Cymbalta (duloxetine), which increase the amount of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain.Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) such as Norpramin (desipramine) and Elavil (amitriptyline) are a type of older medication that, while not often used as a first-choice treatment, may be helpful when other types of antidepressants have not been effective.   Antidepressants usually begin to work within two to four weeks, although it may take as long as 12 weeks for them to reach full effectiveness.?? The 5 Major Classes of Antidepressants Self-Care Self-care is an important part of depression treatment, and there are a number of things that you can do that will complement your other treatments.   Get plenty of sleep. Research has found that there is a complex relationship between sleep and depression. Sleep disturbances are common symptoms of depression, and studies suggest that there may be a reciprocal relationship between them. Poor sleep increases the risk of depression, and depression then leads to an increased risk of reduced sleep quality.?? Exercise regularly. Research suggests that regular physical activity can be effective in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. In more moderate to severe cases, exercise can be a beneficial complement to medication and therapy.?? Eat a healthy diet. While researchers are still working to understand the link between diet and depression, there is little doubt that eating well can improve health and well-being. One 2017 study found symptoms of depression decreased when people had nutritional counseling and following a healthier diet for 12 weeks.?? There is no specific diet to relieve depression symptoms, but focusing on a varied diet that includes whole fresh foods and plenty of fruits and vegetables is a good place to start.   Alternative and Complementary Medicine Complementary medicine may also have beneficial effects on well-being when used in conjunction with psychotherapy and medication. Acupuncture, meditation, light therapy, and herbal supplements are some alternative options that you might consider.?? You should always talk to your doctor before you try any type of alternative treatment. In the case of some herbal supplements, for example, you and your doctor need to consider possible drug interactions if you are currently taking or plan on taking antidepressants. A Word From Verywell   While it might feel difficult at first to talk to your doctor about your feelings of depression, having this discussion is an important first step toward improving your well-being. Tell your doctor that you have been feeling down and that you suspect you might be depressed. Your doctor can then rule out or treat any underlying medical conditions that might be contributing to your symptoms and recommend appropriate treatments. Starting this conversation can help you get the help and support that you need to start feeling better.

The Misunderstanding About Native Americans And Americans

The Misunderstanding About Native Americans and Americans Within the nineteenth century, many Americans saw Native Americans as heathens that occupied land. These people saw the land as theirs because of how they fought to become independent. They also claimed that the Native Americans did not claim land or have a concept of property. Others understood that it was wrong to take the land forcefully. These people understood the land was not rightfully theirs for the taking. It is also perceived that all Americans disliked Native Americans. When in fact there were people who sympathized the natives. They wanted to live in peace and not war. Although, they still believed Indians were below them and had ideas of reserves. Looking at history,†¦show more content†¦That the United States should not come barging in. Another suggestion was reserves. People on both sides, whether they supported or opposed Native Americans, tended to support this. They did not know this would be bad. In July 1847, Henry Nagle wrote a letter and he said,  "I would respectively call your attention to the necessity of publishing some decree forbidding all persons from trespassing upon the indians†. It does not say anything about a reserve or even hint at one, but it shows how Americans would cause problems with Indians. Because of these issues, some felt it necessary to move Native Americans to this land that had been set aside and out of their way. Reserves, in a way, were the easiest and simplest way to deal with them. Another letter comes from, Edward A. Stevenson, an Indian Agent in 1855 who said, â€Å"Their situation as it is is truly a pitiful one, and calls aloud for action on the part of the Government. They are desirous to know when the policy of the U.S. will be extended to them, and I think there will be no trouble in removing them to reserves†. The situation he is referring to is one of Native Americans living horribly and hopes to help them. It seems the some report is true on the behalf of him specifying an actual location. Again, while Stevenson is not trying to move them out of the way, he is trying to help them. Stevenston believes this is the best way since they cannot help themselves. It is ironic since Indians live off the land, andShow MoreRelatedMascots : An Honor Or An Insult?1352 Words   |  6 PagesMascots: An honor or an insult? The idea of using Native American names and images in sports has been a topic of public controversy in the United States since the 1960’s. Sports mascots that continue to promote racial, cultural, or bias slurs should be changed so that racial discrimination can be stopped and everyone can be treated equally/fairly. 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Cadbury Brand And Marketing Strategies Essay - 3826 Words

Why this brand / product is chosen by the group Our group chose Cadbury as Cadbury is one of the leading confectionary brands around the world and they have a long history of making chocolates. Cadbury also has a few advertisements and marketing strategies that we can work with and we would like to find out the secret behind Cadbury’s overwhelming popularity. Company’s background and information Cadbury is a multinational confectionary company and has its roots in Birmingham, United Kingdom. It was founded as a grocer’s shop in 1824 by John Cadbury where he also sold cocoa and drinking chocolate before becoming a commercial brand. His brother, Benjamin joined him in his business in 1847 after expansion but their partnership was dissolved in 1860s as they hit a low point. The business was then passed down to his sons, Richard and George after he had retired due to poor health. From a family-run business, it merged with Quaker confectioner J.S. Fry and Sons Ltd in 1919 before briefly merging with Schwepps in 1969 and demerged in 2008. It was then bought by Krafts Food in 2010. Currently, Cadbury is owned by Mondelez International. Some of their most well-known products are Dairy Milk chocolate, followed by the Crà ¨me Egg and Roses boxed chocolates. The iconic Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate was made by George Cadbury Jnr and launched in June 1905 which remains a huge success even today. As at 2010, Cadbury is the second largest confectionary company globally, behindShow MoreRelatedMarketing Strategy of Nestle vs Cadbury1313 Words   |  6 PagesASSIGNMENT ON MARKETING STRATEGY OF NESTLE VS CADBURY (COMPARATIVE) [pic] PRESENTED BY: SWATI SAXENA SWATI SINGH URVASHI DUBEY TASMIYA Group:33 MANAGEMET OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SHRI RAMSWAROOP GROUP OF PROFESSIONAL COLLEGES What is marketing strategy? Marketing strategy  is defined by  David Aaker  as a process that can allow an organizationRead MoreBranding and brand management: Cadbury1228 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is a brand? A brand is a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them form those of competitors Essentially a marketers promise is to deliver a specific set of features, benefits and services consistently to the buyers Cadburys best tasting chocolate constitutes the main ingredient of much of these products including everything from solid blocks to chocolate filled barsRead MoreCadbury1549 Words   |  7 Pagese.) Marketing Strategies: Cadbury Dairy milk is in the mature stage of the product life cycle, the reason being is that it is a well-established product since 1905. The maturity point is generally reached when about half the potential users have adopted the product. Since Cadbury Dairy Milk is Australia’s favourite chocolate, it is safe to say that there is already consumer trust and loyalty to the brand. However customers still need continued satisfaction and loyalty, built on lower cost, differentiationRead MoreSnapple Case Study948 Words   |  4 PagesSnapple’s brand equity was driven by how unique and popular the product became almost immediately. By 1994, it had grown substantially and was known as a popular and user friendly â€Å"ready-to-drink† beverage. The huge growth Snapple was able to achieve was due in part to the almost cultish fan base that Snapple developed. For example, a family in New Jersey even gave their son the middle name Snapple. Studies showed that ready-to-dri nk beverages were selected almost strictly based upon fashion, tasteRead MoreCadbury Beverages Case1524 Words   |  7 PagesCompany Description Cadbury Beverages, Inc. is the beverage division of Cadbury Schweppes PLC, a major global soft drink and confectionery marketer. In 1989, Cadbury Schweppes PLC had worldwide sales of $4.6 billion, which were produced by product sales in more than 110 countries. Cadbury Schweppes PLC headquarters are located in London, England; Cadbury Beverages, Inc. worldwide headquarters are in Stamford, Connecticut. Cadbury Schweppes PLC has the distinction of being the world’sRead MoreBrand Exploratory1342 Words   |  6 PagesBrand Exploratory A brand audit is a detailed assessment of a brand’s current ranking in the market compared to other competitors. It provides information on how the business is performing in the market. A brand audit also aims at examining the image and reputation of the brand as perceived by customers. The two key elements of brand audit are brand inventory and brand exploratory. Brand inventory provides up to date itinerary of how a company markets and brands its products. On the other hand,Read MoreEssay about Cadbury Beverages Case Analysis912 Words   |  4 PagesRUNNING HEAD: CADBURY BEVERAGES INC. CASE ANALYSIS Cadbury Beverages Inc. Case Analysis October 3, 2010 Cadbury Beverages, Inc. Case Analysis Marketing executives at Cadbury Beverages, Inc. want to re-launch the following brands: Crush, Hires, and Sun-Drop soft drinks. However, Cadbury has seen several challenges arise in the eve of their next attempt to lead the market. Senior marketing executives decided to focus generally on the Crush brand of fruit flavored carbonated beverages. TheRead MoreD1- Evaluate the Effectiveness of the Use of Techniques in Marketing Products in One Organisation1466 Words   |  6 PagesI will evaluate the effectiveness of the marketing techniques used by Cadbury. Overall the marketing techniques used by Cadbury have worked out extremely well, for every technique used, Cadbury have come out successful, they have made millions in profit. They continue to make lots of new products and gain more and more customers at the same time. Where Cadbury has used the marketing strategy of branding they have been massively successful, their logo is iconic, it is recognised worldwide, it isRead MoreMarketing Assignment Task 11119 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Unit 3: Marketing Assignment Task 1 Marketing is the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and sufficient customer requirements beneficially. http://www.getin2marketing.com/discover/what-is-marketing This means the ideas, the brand, how you communicate, the design, print process, measuring effectiveness, market research and the psychology of consumer behaviour all count as part of the bigger picture of ‘marketing’. It is a process and not just the production of a singleRead MoreCase Study Analysis: Cadbury1460 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis: Cadbury Beverages, Inc. Crush Brand  ® Case Analysis: Cadbury Beverages, Inc. Crush Brand  ® Luis Villagomez Grand Canyon University MKT 450 September 23, 2012 Case Analysis: Cadbury Beverages, Inc. Crush Brand  ® The carbonated soft drink production industry encompasses firms that blend various ingredients with carbonated water and also package and distribute for resale (IBIS World). With the full industry definition that Cadbury Beverages

Add MediaVisualText Free Essays

IMPORTANCE OF PARTNERSHIP When parents and practitioners work together it has a positive impact on children’s development and learning. This can be achieved through communication, learning together (e. g. We will write a custom essay sample on Add MediaVisualText or any similar topic only for you Order Now actively involving fathers) and respecting diversity. Be sure to send a text to parent(s) during the day should their child say/do something cute or just to let them know that you’re both having fun together. You could even send them a picture of the delicious pizza their child just created, for example. Parents then feel included and have peace of mind knowing that their child is happy and healthy. First impressions last and so carers, making you and your home warm and welcoming will immediately put parents at ease. Likewise, parents should also be neat and presentable when meeting a prospective childcarer. A two-way flow of information and knowledge between parents and carers ensure effective communication. Having posters and pictures on display which reiterate the carer’s positive attitude towards social and cultural diversity as state in their Equal Opportunities policy will not only give parents a feel for the environment that their children will be in, but also help children and families to recognise that they are valued. Routines are very important for children as they like to know when certain things are going to happen i. e. mealtimes, sleep time, drop-off and collection etc. – they’re key to establishing a sense of stability and care for children and allowing them to master their environment. Wherever possible, all routines should fit in with parents’ wishes (i. e. attitudes re TV, food and sleeping) and should meet the child’s needs. i. e. incorporating child’s interests in nature by collecting leaves/flowers/sticks/stones on walks and perhaps creating a piece of art with them. Make sure routines are based on each individual child and their specific interests/needs. All children develop different stages at different time, but the general sequence of milestones is the same. This means you’ll need to constantly adapt some routines to accommodate the changing needs of children as they develop. For example, as boys get older they really need a lot more physical activity to burn off the energy they have and so more ball games or longer outdoor activities may be required. Upon arrival in the mornings greet each child individually with a warm voice and smile. Mention or comment on something specific that they’re wearing or carrying. Throughout the day listen to them and don’t rush daily tasks. This will make them feel important and cared for. Sources: Riddall-Leech, S, Home-based Childcare pg 131, Essex, Heinemann EYFS 2008 2. 2 Parents as Partners, Communication How to cite Add MediaVisualText, Papers

The Gator Game Essay Example For Students

The Gator Game Essay My cultural event is the time I went to a college football game. I took a trip to Gainesville to watch the University of Florida football game. This event was one of the most memorable events of my life. I am a true, die heart Florida Gator fan, so to have the opportunity to witness the Gators play and step into the Swamp was unbelievable. The Gators were taking on LSU, which happens to be my favorite team beside the Florida Gators. This game took place on Saturday October 11th, 2014. This game contained extreme excitement which made this event change my life. We will write a custom essay on The Gator Game specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I got to feel a rush like no other, and the best part was every other fan there felt the same feeling. It all began, driving down the highway speeding down the highway, en route to Gainesville, Florida. I was amazed at how many Florida Gator car tags and stickers I seen that were on cars all the way to Gainesville. Surprisingly, the drive there was not very long. The traffic flowed the whole way, no stops in traffic made it a smooth drive. I felt so anxious on the way up not knowing what to expect. About an hour in a half had passed and we were finally in Gainesville. As we traveled the roads to the stadium you could see people walking all over the place. It reminded me of how someone explains New York City in the winter. Anxiously awaiting, I began to ask the famous question â€Å"are we there yet? † I repeatedly heard the answer â€Å"no† as I asked again, I heard something different. I heard â€Å"yes. † As we drove around looking for the parking spot, my eyes caught something so familiar. My eyes were staring at nothing but orange and blue. Every way you look you seen and orange shirt then you turn around you see a blue shirt. I was amazed at how many people rep there school to the fullest. As I admired all the people I realized we drove around for about ten minutes turning on every street looking for a spot. As we finally arrived to a spot my excitement shot through the roof. I knew the time was near, something I had dreamed about my whole life. As we began walking to the stadium, I was taken back to hear that we were going to have to walk for about twenty minutes till we reached the stadium. The time seemed to fly, when we met up with a couple of friends and walked to the stadium. The most comforting thing was that you didn’t have to feel as if you were an outcast because everybody had on the same thing, a Florida Gator shirt. As we approached the entrance, I could hear the band playing and the crowd beginning to rumble. I got the sense that I had arrived at the perfect time. Now in the stadium, I was on the way searching for my seat. After finding my seat on the map we stopped to get something to eat and then headed to our seats. As I arrived at my seat I realized how lucky I was. My seat was right in the center of the field behind the players and away from the blazing sun. It began with the band playing getting the crowd involved then they proceeded to begin playing the national anthem. After that the players came on the field and the game had finally begun. What I thought would always be a dream had finally came true, I was witnessing the best college in the world play my favorite sport. What more could I ask for. As the game progressed, I had learned all the different songs that they play throughout the game. The band was great, they continuously kept us involved even when things didn’t go in our favor. The student section was able to have a continuous wave go around the stadium multiple times which was very impressive. Even though the game didn’t go as planned, I still enjoyed myself. Every time we would have a big break or score a touchdown the whole stadium would cheer. .ud3759d59f216e53e1c5c40c583f7b63c , .ud3759d59f216e53e1c5c40c583f7b63c .postImageUrl , .ud3759d59f216e53e1c5c40c583f7b63c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud3759d59f216e53e1c5c40c583f7b63c , .ud3759d59f216e53e1c5c40c583f7b63c:hover , .ud3759d59f216e53e1c5c40c583f7b63c:visited , .ud3759d59f216e53e1c5c40c583f7b63c:active { border:0!important; } .ud3759d59f216e53e1c5c40c583f7b63c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud3759d59f216e53e1c5c40c583f7b63c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud3759d59f216e53e1c5c40c583f7b63c:active , .ud3759d59f216e53e1c5c40c583f7b63c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud3759d59f216e53e1c5c40c583f7b63c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud3759d59f216e53e1c5c40c583f7b63c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud3759d59f216e53e1c5c40c583f7b63c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud3759d59f216e53e1c5c40c583f7b63c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud3759d59f216e53e1c5c40c583f7b63c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud3759d59f216e53e1c5c40c583f7b63c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud3759d59f216e53e1c5c40c583f7b63c .ud3759d59f216e53e1c5c40c583f7b63c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud3759d59f216e53e1c5c40c583f7b63c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Computer Security And The Law EssayI met numerous amount of people around me, who I would high five and laugh with every time something good happened. They were genuine people who had come for the same enjoyment and excitement that I had waited so long to experience. The atmosphere that surrounded the Swamp made me never want to leave. My favorite part of the entire trip had to be towards the end of the game when we song the alma mater. This was when we all stood an interlocked arms, this part of the game made me feel as if I was now forever apart of the Gator family and that I always had a place in the Swamps heart. This experience was truly a once in a lifetime. I will remember this as long as I live due to the fact that I bleed orange and blue. Now that I belong to the Swamp, I feel like Florida Gators number one fan. I can’t wait until I return to the Swamp and relive that experience. The connections I made with people within hours showed me how small things like being a fan can make you meet new people and form impersonal relationships quickly. After that experience I am proud to say â€Å"It’s great to be a Florida Gator! †

Wear Leveling Example

Wear Leveling Example Wear Leveling – Coursework Example Wear leveling as it relates to USB and SSD devices And how it effects the devices as it relates to digital forensics and hashingWear Leveling is a processing technique implemented in a processing unit to restore and mange erasable space in storage media of a computer system. It basically enhances quality of services for SSDs, USB drives in respect to flash memory. However, this technique is used in diverse ways according to the requirement and levels of the flash memory and to improve its durability in respect to the memory space in the unit. It prolongs the service life of memory drives and caters storage issues of temporary memory (Compardo et al, 2014, 309). SSDs and USB have integral flash memories, which can exhaust if the temporal data is written multiple times. Wear leveling technique enables uniform distribution of data writing transversely on other storage media in the system as well, so to prevent data writing on the same place and multiple times. However, Wear leveling alw ays affect secure-erase-programs, as it permanently deletes and modify data on storage devices. Likewise, SSD is fundamentally different from HDD in its structure and functions. It is motionless, can be accessed in less time and has firm resistance against jolt and vibration. However, techniques like wear leveling impact on forensic analysis of SSDs. As, integrally SSD is programmed by wear leveling technique to delete all the temporary data. This makes it impossible to retain deleted data by the digital forensics, whether the memory drive was imaged or write-blocked. Secondly, SSD has this peculiar characteristic to modify its data automatically after it has been imaged, which inaugurates hash value inconsistencies and also becomes a cause of corruption of data. Finally, encoded or encrypted SSD will never allow digital forensics to obtain any significant or meaningful data in the first place (Shimeal & Spring, 2014).  References:Top of FormCampardo, G., Tiziani, F., & Iaculo, M. (2014).  Memory Mass Storage. Berlin: Springer Berlin.Top of FormShimeall, T., & Spring, J. M. (2014).  Introduction to information security: A strategic-based approach.Bottom of FormBottom of Form

Son of Sam - Killer David Berkowitz

Son of Sam - Killer David Berkowitz David Berkowitz, better known as Son of Sam and the .44 Caliber Killer, is an infamous 1970s New York City serial killer who killed six people and wounded several others. His crimes became legendary because of the bizarre content in the letters that he wrote to the police and the media and his reasons for committing the attacks. With the police feeling the pressure to catch the killer, Operation Omega was formed, which was comprised of over 200 detectives; all working on finding the Son of Sam before he killed again. Berkowitzs Childhood Born Richard David Falco,  June 1, 1953, he was adopted by Nathan and Pearl Berkowitz. The family lived in a middle-class home in the Bronx. The couple loved and doted on their son yet Berkowitz grew up feeling rejected and scorned because of being adopted. His size and appearance did not help matters. He was larger than most of the kids his age and not particularly attractive. His parents were not social people and Berkowitz followed in that path, developing a reputation for being a loner. Berkowitz Was Plagued With Guilt and Anger Berkowitz was an average student and did not show any particular flair for any one subject. He did, however, develop into a decent baseball player which became his main outside activity. Around the neighborhood, he had a reputation for being hyper and a bully. Believing his natural mother died while giving birth to him was the source of intense guilt and anger inside Berkowitz. Some believe it was the reason for his anti-social and aggressive behavior as a child. The Death of His Mother Pearl Berkowitz had a reoccurrence with breast cancer and died in 1967. Berkowitz was devastated and became severely depressed. He viewed his mother’s death as a master plot designed to destroy him. He began to fail in school and spent most of his time alone. When his father remarried in 1971, his new wife did not get along with the young Berkowitz, and the newlyweds moved to Florida leaving 18-year-old Berkowitz behind. Berkowitz Reunites With His Birth Mother Berkowitz joined the army and after a disastrous three years, he left the service. During that time, he had his one and only sexual experience with a prostitute and caught a venereal disease. When he returned home from the army, he found out his natural mother was still alive and that he had a sister. There was a brief reunion, but eventually, Berkowitz stopped visiting. His isolation, fantasies, and paranoid delusions were now in full force. Driven by Demons On Christmas Eve 1975, Berkowitz’s â€Å"demons† drove him out into the streets with a hunting knife to find a victim to kill. Later he confessed to plunging his knife into two women, one which could not be confirmed. The second victim, 15-year-old Michelle Forman, survived the attack and was treated for six knife wounds. Soon after the attacks, Berkowitz moved out of the Bronx to a two-family home in Yonkers. It was in this home that the Son of Sam would be created. Howling dogs in the neighborhood kept Berkowitz from sleeping and in his deranged mind, he turned their howls into messages from demons that were ordering him to go kill women. He later said that in an attempt to quiet the demons, he began to do what they asked. Jack and Nann Cassara owned the home and in time Berkowitz became convinced that the quiet couple was in truth, part of the demon conspiracy, with Jack being General Jack Cosmo, commander in chief of the dogs that tormented him. When he moved away from the Cassaras into an apartment on Pine Street, he failed to escape the controlling demons. His new neighbor, Sam Carr, had a black Labrador named Harvey, who Berkowitz believed was also possessed. He eventually shot the dog, but that did not offer him relief because he had come to believe that Sam Carr was possessed by the most powerful demon of them all, possibly Satan himself. Nightly the demons screamed at Berkowitz to go kill, their thirst for blood unquenchable. The Arrest of the Son of Sam Berkowitz was eventually caught after receiving a parking ticket at the time and near the place of the Moskowitz murder. That evidence along with letters he wrote to Carr and the Cassaras, his military background, his appearance, and an arson incident, led police to his door. When he was arrested he immediately surrendered to police and identified himself as Sam, telling the police, Well, youve got me. After being evaluated, it was determined that he could stand trial. Berkowitz stood trial in August 1978 and pled guilty to six murders. He received 25 years to life for each of the murders. Berkowitzs Crime Spree July 29, 1976 – Jody Valenti and Donna Lauria were shot as they sat talking in a parked car outside Donna’s apartment. Lauria died instantly from a gunshot wound to her neck. Valenti survived the attack.October 23, 1976 – Carl Denaro and Rosemary Keenan were shot while sitting in Denaro’s parked car. Both survived, but Carl was struck in the head by one of the bullets.November 26, 1976 – Donna DeMasi and 18-year-old Joanne Lomino were walking near Joanne’s home after a late movie. Berkowitz followed them briefly, then shot them. Donna survived without suffering permanent physical harm, but Joanne was paralyzed for life.January 30, 1977 – 26-year-old Christine Freund and her fiance John Diel were shot as they sat in a parked car. Christine died and John Diel survived the attack.March 8, 1977 – Virginia Voskerichian, a Barnard College honor student was shot and killed while walking home from class.April 17, 1977 – 18-year-o ld Valentina Suriani and her 20-year-old boyfriend Alexander Esau, were shot twice. Both died as a result of gunshot wounds. Berkowitz left a letter at the scene, signed â€Å"Son of Sam.† June 26, 1977 – Judy Placido and Sal Lupu were shot while leaving a disco. Both survived although Judy was shot three times.July 31, 1977 – Bobby Violante and Stacy Moskowitz were shot in the car while parked at a lover’s lane. Stacy died from a gunshot wound to her head and Bobby lost vision in one eye and partial vision in the other eye. The Ressler Interview In 1979, Berkowitz was interviewed by FBI veteran, Robert Ressler. Berkowitz admitted that he invented the â€Å"Son of Sam† stories so that if caught he could convince the court that he was insane. He said the real reason he killed was because he felt resentment toward his mother and his failures with women. He found killing the women to be sexually arousing. Throat Slashed On  July 10, 1979, Berkowitz was giving out water to the other inmates in his section when another inmate,  William E.  Hauser, attacked him with a razor blade and slashed his throat. Berkowitz was too afraid to cooperate with the investigation despite that it nearly cost him his life. Hausers name was not released to the public until 2015 when the for Attica superintendent James Conway revealed it. Serving His Time Berkowitz is currently serving a life sentence at the maximum-security Shawangunk Correctional Facility in Wallkill after being transferred from Sullivan Correctional Facility in Fallsburg, New York where he spent several years. Since entering prison, he has become a member of the Jews for Jesus religious group. Berkowitz had refused to attend any of his parole hearings since he became eligible for possible release in 2002. However, in May 2016 he changed his mind and attended his parole hearing. Berkowitz, 63 at the time, told the parole board, â€Å"I was constantly putting myself out there to help other individuals, with kindness and compassion,† he said. â€Å"I mean, I feel that’s my life’s calling, all these years. My evaluations, and so forth, should show that to be true. I’ve done a lot of good and positive things, and I thank God for that.† He was denied parole again and his next hearing is scheduled for May 2018. Today Berkowitz is a born-again Christian and described as a model prisoner.

Responsibility Audit Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Responsibility Audit Report - Essay Example Moreover, Greggs employ over 20,000 numbers of employees ranging from its retail outlets, savoury production units and the entire supply chain management networks that are located in different regions in the UK and other global destinations (Greggs plc, 2012). According to the past financial performance of Greggs, the organisation can be apparently observed to attain considerable growth in terms of gaining better financial results from its different bakery and savoury foods production units. Moreover, the company gained better business reputation for its exceptional roles emphasising serving towards the environment and the customers as well (1Greggs plc, 2013). With regard to the current business portfolio of the organisation, this essay aims to critically examine the business practices of Greggs regarding its contribution made towards the environment, demonstrating responsible corporate behaviour. Additionally, the essay would also analyse the ethical practices that perform by the o rganisation along with its other responsible acts that enabled it to accomplish superior competitive position. In this regard, the essay also tends to suggest effective business practices ensuring enhancing the efficiency of the responsible acts that perform by the organisation and most vitally refurbishing its leading position in delivering environmental and customer based practices in the respective business industry. 2. Examining the Business Practices of Greggs 2.1 Environmental Business Practices of Greggs In relation to the present business performance of Greggs, the organisation has been recognised to operate huge number of bakery and savoury production units across different parts of the UK. Currently, Greggs tends to manufacture its range of bakery items and savoury products through its well-developed production units and delivers quality based products through its wide supplying networks. In this similar context, the organisation also ensures its existence within different locations such as high streets, commercial and business places, universities and other local shopping parades across different locations of the UK (Greggs plc, 2012). It is worth mentioning that Greggs tends to comply with strong environment protection policies and regulations while practicing its wide bakery production and delivery related operations. In relation to the business practices of Greggs, it can be affirmed that the formulation of several strong along with effective environment protection policies might lessen unfavourable impacts that are imposed upon the environment. Although the organisation is viewed to impose considerable impact on the environment through its wide range of production and supply operations, it also tends to perform a responsible role in terms of encouraging wellbeing of each community across the UK (1Greggs plc, 2013). With respect to the recent environmental related practices of Greggs, the formulation of effective environment protection strategies have significantly empowered the organisation to minimise its potential impacts on the environment. In this regard, the organisation has also been observed to maintain its effective operational control and management in terms of using natural resources and protecting them from any sort of hazard. The various initiatives of the organisation

Company Analysis for saudi basic industries corporation SABIC Research Paper

Company Analysis for saudi basic industries corporation SABIC - Research Paper Example It offers its products and services all over the world. The regional sites are the Middle East and Africa, Asia, America an Europe. SABIC is the largest and most profitable non-oil producing company in the middlie east. It is ranked in the fifth position largest world petrochemical manufacturer. It is committed to satisfying its customers through achieving individual initiatives. This is enhanced through adherence of strict safety and environmental policies. The high investment in technology and innovation facilitates the ongoing development. The management is committed in running the business and achieveing sustainability through providing services and products that meet stakeholder’s expectations as well as conduct business with respect and care for the environment. Regulations are followed at all times and they apply practical means to conserve resources and reduce waste, avoid pollution in order to minimize risks involved in their operaions. Quality of products and services is maintained at all times. SABIC is in the petrochemical industries and is the five largest in the world. The company has had strict safety and environmental responsibility. It has incorporated sustainability in its day to day business activities. Its reports are integrated clear showing the environmental and social impact of the company in the various regions. This is through reducing waste, preventing pollution, catering for customers needs. The company has 33,000 employees for the last four years in 40 countries. Its culture is to cater for the ever growing needs of the customers. This responsibility has opened up avenues for innovations and technological advances. The T & I facilities are found all over the world with highly talented expects and scientists who are devoted in bring new patents and certifications. The company is always focused in to the future thus technology is heavily invested into. The

As I Lay Dying :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi where he became a high school drop out and was forced to work with grandfather at a bank. In 1925 Faulkner moved to New Orleans and worked as a journalist, here he met the American Sherwood Andersen, a famous short-story writer. Anderson convinced Faulkner that writing about the people and places he could identify with would improve his career as a writer. After a trip to Europe, Faulkner began to write of the fictitious Yoknapatawpha County, which was representative of Lafayette County, Mississippi. Often in this series of novels one could read of characters who were based on Faulkner’s ancestors, African Americans, Native Americans, hermits, and poor whites. At some point in this period of writing, around 1930, William Faulkner wrote the novel As I Lay Dying.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this book, and others of this series, it was commonplace to find sentences that stretched on for a page in order to create mood, multiple narrators, or short stories complicated with a stream-of-consciousness blather that was hard to understand. Therefore, readers had difficulty following these novels, and Faulkner’s popularity soon dwindled, that is until Malcolm Cowley wrote The Portable Faulkner, which contained excerpts from the Yoknapatawpha series, and made Faulkner’s genius evident to his readers. Shortly thereafter, many of Faulkner’s works were reissued and he became a literary giant, and was even awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1949. Until death, Faulkner continued to create works of literature, including both short stories and novels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Bundren family has recently suffered the loss of their most beloved mother, Addie. When Addie was young and fresh out of labor with her second of five children, she made her husband promise that when she died he would burry her in Jefferson, the town where Addie’s family lived. Generally Jefferson was a one or two day trip, but when a rain spell floods the river and destroys both bridges and washes out the direct road to Jefferson, Anse, Addie’s husband has to ford the river and take a much longer route to get to Jefferson. While crossing the river, a large log flowing downstream starts a chain reaction that results in a badly battered wagon, the death of a team of mules, a broken leg for the oldest of the five children, and a one-day delay in the journey. Many other troubles follow this family and the short trip to bury their mother becomes a nine-day journey with a dead body that is beginning to rot in the back of the wagon.

The Future of Work Motivation Theory

Introduction to Special Topic Forum: The Future of Work Motivation Theory Author(s): Richard M. Steers, Richard T. Mowday, Debra L. Shapiro Source: The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 29, No. 3 (Jul. , 2004), pp. 379-387 Published by: Academy of Management Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/20159049 . Accessed: 25/04/2011 09:09 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www. jstor. org/page/info/about/policies/terms. jsp.JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www. jstor. org/action/showPublisher? publisherCode=aom. . Each copy of any part of a J STOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email  protected] org. Academy of Management is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Academy of Management Review. http://www. jstor. org ? Academy o? Management Review 2004, Vol. 29, No. 3, 379-387. INTRODUCTIONTO SPECIAL TOPIC FORUMTHEFUTURE WORKMOTIVATION OF THEORY RICHARDM. STEERS RICHARD T. MOWDAY University o? Oregon DEBRA L. SHAPIRO University of Maryland motivation The topic of employee plays a cen tral role in the field of management? both prac see motiva and theoretically. tically Managers tion as an pa rt of the performance integral equation searchers block at all see re levels, while organizational it as a fundamental building been. an overview This introduction represents of the field of work motivation from a theoretical and lays the foundation for the arti standpoint cles The that the Latin on this (mover?. Building as â€Å"the motivation Atkinson defines concept, on direc influence (immediate) contemporary for movement follow. 2 term motivation derives from word in the development of useful theories of effective the Indeed, management practice. of the sub many topic of motivation permeates the study of management, fields that compose man teams, performance including leadership, decision ethics, making, It is not surprising, change. so much that this topic has received over the past several in both decades journals and management periodicals. xam recent articles have several work far we have come in researching agement, managerial and organizational therefore, attention rese arch Whereas of action† tion, vigor, and persistence (1964: 2), while it as â€Å"a process Vroom defines governing †¦ among choice made alternative by persons forms of voluntary (1964: 6). Campbell activity† and Pritchard that suggest motivation dependent the direction, has to do with a set of independent/ variable that explain relationships amplitude, and persistence of an ined how on where this special forum focuses motivation, we are going. That the questions: is, we ask is the future of work motivation What theories? are What the critical be that must questions if progress in the field is to be made? addressed is the future research What How can agenda? we or modify current models extend of work so they continue in the motivation to be relevant are entirely new models future? And where to further our understanding motivation needed of employee behavior and job performance contemporary organizations? To understand where the field first understand ever, we must is going, where how it has of in ndividual's constant behavior, holding fects of aptitude, skill, and understanding task, and the constraints operating in the the ef of the envi ronment (1976: 63-130). These and other definitions have three com mon denominators. con They are all principally or events cerned with factors that energize, over time. and sustain human behavior channel, In various ways, of work theories contemporary motivation to explicate derive from efforts with increasing precision to determine terrelate how these behavior three factors in organizations. inEARLYDEVELOPMENTS IN MOTIVATION THEORY The earliest man motivation to understanding hu approaches date from the time of the Greek and focus on the concept of hedo We review cial are panel forum. indebted to the time staff and of AMR effort and to the editorial of this spe for their on behalf philosophers 2 1 For motivation, recent see reviews Kanfer of the research literature on work and For a more detailed examinati on see Pinder of the evolution Porter, of work and (1990), Mitchell (1997), Ambrose motivation Steers theories, (2003). (1998) and Bigley,Kulik (1999),and Mitchell and Daniels (2002). 379 380 Academy of Management Review July a principle force in behavior. driving seen as focusing were Individuals their efforts on seeking and avoiding This pleasure pain. was later refined and further devel principle in the works of philosophers like Locke, oped nism as Bentham, Mill, and eighteenth Toward issue and Helvetius, centuries. in the seventeenth nism of the past. outcomes would actions tend to this past would that led to positive tend to be repeated, whereas outcomes that led to negative Past actions Thorndike he end of the nineteenth the century, to migrate of motivation from the began to the newly realm of philosophy sci emerging ence of psychology. Challenges immediately arose over the use of hedonism as the basis for the study of motivation. donism had no that clear-cut were specificat ion pleasurable or (1911) re of effect, while Hull was that effort or motivation (1943) suggested largely determined by drive X habit. Skinner later built on these (1953) and others con with the introduction of op? rant principles to by some as reinforcement (referred ditioning ferred to diminish. s the law theories), arguing learn contingent and their that, over relationships and consequences future behavior. guide to thrive individuals time, actions between that these contin As Vroom explains, he of the painful, type or of even events how gencies models vehicles continue these events could be determined for a particular nor did it make clear how persons individual; of ways of attaining their conceptions acquired pleasure pain might the hedonistic or pain, or how be modified assumption the by or source of pleasure In short, experience. no empirical con has or understanding as well job performance, various management performance 2003). (e. g. , Komaki, While psychologists Reinforcem ent as explanatory today work motivation and as in the workplace in programs tent and was untestable (1964: 10). scientists search As a result, behavioral began to ex for more based models ing empirically plain motivation. were these early models instinct the Among as those proposed ories, such by James, Freud, and McDougall. Instead these rational, highly much behavior resulted as McDougall â€Å"an tion inherited which attention an or innate determined ere on in focusing were on stincts and drives, managers focusing more pragmatic issues. A key development here was the work of Frederick and his col Taylor move in the scientific management leagues ment. industrial engineering of (1911), along with many background, Taylor on the in his associates, focused his attention in an increas efficiencies of factory production Coming ingly posed industrialized a new and workers age. These colleagues pro to paternalistic approach that relied on a combination from an that argued from instinct, defined by f viewing theorists behavior as psychological its possessor of a certain excitement predisposi to perceive, of an class, a partic object, manner to or pay experience ular quality and to act to, objects emotional upon in regard such perceiving to it in a particular (1908: 4). James cluded jealousy, identified a list of such instincts sociability, that in managing of job training, incentive pay-for-performance tech selection systems, employee improved and the intro niques, job redesign, including duction of ergonomics.Far from being exploit saw ative in intent, Taylor and his associates as an economic to scientific boon management the use both workers and management through in of improved manufacturing techniques, re and creased shared operating efficiency, the subsequent rise of an in workforce, creasingly sophisticated coupled to maximize with efforts company productivity re without increasing simultaneously employee wards. However, to discredit served this sys wards, ev entually to the widespread rise of unioniza tem, leading in the 1930s. ion efforts social scientists and managers Meanwhile, to consider the role of social influences began on behavior in the 1930s. The role of group dy as com to view employees namics and the need plex beings ences were with multiple as recognized motivational powerful influ influences locomotion, curiosity, and sympathy. fear, as in around the 1920s, however, Beginning to creased of the theory limitations began to be replaced instinct theories emerge, began on drive or reinforcement.Led based by models as Thorndike, Wood by such psychologists worth, the theorists introduced and Hull, drive in motivated of learning and behavior or fu that decisions concerning present posited are ture behaviors influenced largely by the concept with past of rewards associated consequences to this as hedo behavior. (1954) referred Allport 2004 Steers, Mowday, and Shapiro 381 re these Best noted among performance. are Mayo's and Roeth search endeavors (1933) Bendix and Dickson's (1939) works. isberger of this contribution summarized the principle movement that human relations by observing as human to treat workers the â€Å"failure beings on came poor in and, thus, has found considerable popularity on individual to work factors relating research motivation. and their col While Maslow and McClelland on the role of individual differ focused leagues in motivation, (1966; Herzberg, Herzberg to under & Snyderman, Mausner, 1959) sought activities how work of and the nature stand and performance. ne's job influence motivation ar In his motivation-hygiene theory, Herzberg is largely influenced that work motivation gued a job is intrinsically to which the extent chal by for recogni and provides opportunities lenging saw the con tion and reinforcement. Herzberg a job (which he referred text surrounding to as as being in far more factors) temporal hygiene terms of leading to satisfaction and future moti vation. Herzberg de serves credit for introducing the field to the role of job design? specifically, a key factor in work motiva job enrichment? s tion and Hackman extended work job attitudes. and Oldham this line of In subsequent work, have (1976) and others as it relates to research ences to be regarded craftsmanship, as the cause of low morale, and con unresponsiveness, fusion† (1956:294). McGregor (1960) later built on this in his classic early work, The Human Side mo been prin with of Enterprise. new models of work By the 1950s, several tivation emerged, have which collectively to as conten? since their referred theories, to identify aim was factors associated cipal is Maslow's here motivation.Included need (1954) that, as suggests hierarchy theory, which their way individuals up a develop, they work on the fulfillment of a series of based hierarchy needs, including physiological, and esteem, security, belongingness, that the first Maslow self-actualization. argued on the list represent thre e needs deficiency before needs that people must master they can into a healthy while the personality, develop to two represent needs that relate growth of and the development achievement individual human Alderfer (1972) later adapted potential. o encompass exis this model just three needs: last tence, relatedness, A second need introduced growth. theory of the same (1938) but more by Murray and era, first prioritized safety and and motivation, design, job performance, Deci while others, (1975; Ryan & Deci, including theories 2000), have articulated focusing specif versus on task-based intrinsic extrinsic ically in motivation factors (e. g. , self-determination theory). fully de veloped by McClelland (1961, 1971), ignored the THE â€Å"GOLDENAGE† OF WORK MOTIVATION THEORIES n the mid to 1960s, a new approach Beginning the study of work motivation which emerged, on delineating focused the processes underly contrast Process theories ing work motivation. content with the earlier theories, which sharply on identifying focused factors associated with in a relatively motivation static environment. view work motivation Process theorists from a dynamic tionships to human and look for causal rela perspective across as they relate time and events in the workplace. ehavior to the process is a series Central theory genre of cognitive motivation theories of that collec to understand the thought pro tively attempt cesses in determining that people go through to behave theories on and focused instead of a hierarchy concept of an array of distinct the motivational potency achieve defined and clearly needs, including and autonomy. McClel ment, affiliation, power, at any given individuals land argued time, that, that often needs several possess competing serve to motivate when activated.This behavior contrasts notion of a steady pro with Maslow's over time up a hypothetical gression hierarchy as individuals grow and mature. By far, most of on in McClelland's model focuse d the attention (defined as behavior of with a standard directed toward competition as a need to and power excellence) (defined over one's environment). have control McClel the needs for achievement a land's conceptualization offered researchers as they related to set of clearly needs defined to Maslow's in contrast behavior, workplace more abstract for conceptualizations (e. g. , need versus achievement need for self-actualization) n the workplace. In our view, the the late 1960s and generated during 1970s make this period of a early something theories. Never â€Å"golden age† of work motivation never since has before and, some would argue, how 382 Academy of Management Review July in explicating been made the progress of work motivation. etiology best known of the cognitive theories Perhaps is expectancy (or expectancy-valence) theory. from the early work Expectancy theory derives saw be of Lewin (1938) and Tolman (1959), who havior based as purposeful, on conscious and lar gely goal directed, intentions. Vroom (1964) pre formulation of ex systematic o much several models emerging ences on work motivation of cross-cultural influ and job performance & of 1982; Earley, 1997; Steers (Bhagat & McQuaid, 2001; Triandis, Sanchez-Runde, 1995). to expectancy In addition theory, a number other theories of work moti important cognitive vation have been since the 1960s, developed its own focus. Adams each with (1963), for exam ple, how em equity theory to explain both cognitively and behavior ployees respond to perceived in the workplace unfairness ally & Colwell, 2003, and Weick, (see also Mowday introduced sented the first to the workplace. ectancy theory as it related He argued that employees tend to rationally various evaluate work behaviors on-the-job those be harder) and then choose (e. g. , working haviors believe will lead to their most val they ued work-related rewards and outcomes the attractiveness Thus, promotion). ular task and the energy invested a g reat deal on the extent pend employee to valued Porter believes outcomes. and its accomplishment (e. g. , a of a partic in it will de to which the will lead & Maruyama, that 1976). Adams Bougon, argued both conditions of underpayment and overpay can ment influence behavior.Re subsequent cent work on procedural and distributive justice further develops this area using the fundamen tal concept of equity and its consequences (Cro & Rupp, 2003; Folger, 1986; Greenberg, panzano & McFarlin, 1993; Sweeney 1993). in the late Goal-setting theory also emerged as researchers to discover that the 1960s, began simple hanced Steers showed goal act of specifying en for behavior targets task performance 1968, 1996; (Locke, in this arena & Porter, 1974). Research and specificity, goal difficulty, to enhance each served task on numerous Based empiricalLawler Vroom's (1968) expanded to recognize the role of individual initial work differences abilities and skills) (e. g. , employee in linking and role clarity job job effort to actual Porter and performance. the relationship between Lawler also clarified and sub performance that this relation satisfaction, sequent arguing of the ship is mediated by the extent and quality in exchange receive rewards for employees job performance. a Finally, feedback that goal commitment Porter and to recog incorporated loop nize learning about past relation by employees in the That is, if superior ships. erformance to lead to superior failed future rewards, past effort may suffer as incentives and the employee in the employee's reward system lose credibility good Lawler eyes. performance. Locke and Latham studies, (1990) subsequently a formal theory of goal setting. proposed Earley a time dimension to and Erez (1991) later added this Rosse topic by on examining motivation, the role of cognitive and processing while Crown a number its initial of Since publication, or further refine to extend have worked scholars to re the basic framework expectancy cognitive research and new theo flect emerging findings retical developments 1990; Mitch (e. . , Kanfer, For example, ell, 1997). expectancy theory has to study forms of work behavior been used other than job performance, ab including employee citizen and organizational turnover, senteeism, Porter, & 1977; Mowday, (Mobley, ship behavior 1973; Steers, 1982; Organ, 1988; Porter & Steers, have also Steers & Rhodes, 1978). Researchers and social influences linked group expectations to individual decisions work motivation (Porter, Lawler, ancy & Hackman, principles have basic expect 1975). Finally, into been incorporated the role of group goals, in (1995) examined on performance. o individual addition goals, of goal-setting Applications theory in the form of individual and team management-by-objectives are now used widely in programs throughout (Ambrose & Kulik, 1999). dustry saw significant this period Finally, develop on the role of social ments focusing cognition on behavior and self -efficacy and performance as Bandura such researchers by leading a social Bandura (1977a,b, 1997). cog proposed nitive that self-confidence suggesting theory, to lies at the heart of an individual's incentive a major act or to be proactive. fter Indeed, on social review of the research literature cog nition and self-efficacy, and Luthans Stajkovic for the (1998, 2003) found considerable support in determining role of self-efficacy work as moder related particularly performance, ated by task complexity and locus of control. 2004 Sfeers, Mowday, and Shapiro 383 Based posed place izational research, this extending a model through behavior. on this Luthans concept labeled (2001) has pro into the work positive organ An outside this situation in the subject cause it is no izations) observer that either rom conclude might we have lost interest be of work motivation (perhaps in organ issue longer a pressing or that we solved the work motivation the con con its RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN WORK MO TIVATION Many and 1970s and pool cated nessed of the have ideas emerging from the 1960s been subsequently to reflect an further developed and more of research findings research a series methods. extended thereby eliminating problem long ago, for additional work. Neither of these need seems the clusions On very plausible. economy, trary, and e-commerce, dot. oms, as the more ization (as well facturing is force and service in the new replete increased traditional a motivated a with global manu work Indeed, of refinements and extensions For expanded sophisti the 1980s wit of researchers existing example, in conceptual made great strides developments on social and empirical work learning focusing on in new work focusing theory, as they did systems, innovation and justice, punishment, procedural on work influences and cross-cultural creativity, behavior. interest However, by the 1990s, intellectual in work motivation least as mea theory? t goal-setting theory, job design, sured cline sid er by journal precipitously. the number articles publications? seemed As evidence of theoretical of to de this, con to be reward theories. hallmark of frequently MIT econo Indeed, competitive advantage. over a de mist Lester Thurow (1992) observed cade that successful (and ago companies countries) principally nology vated will on compete the quality their human in the future their based tech of both resources. firms), as cited A moti and a critical workforce becomes strategic in such asset then, has Why, competition. so little intellectual there been focus activity we have ing on this important topic? Perhaps the breakthrough ideas that can yet to develop level of understanding. push us to the next on work mo While theoretical developments tivation in recent have declined may years, the world ? f work has changed dramatically. one can argue that the past decade Indeed, has witnessed other than any are both Companies and expanding (often at downsizing or levels in different the same divisions time, is character of the hierarchy). The workforce ized by increased with diver diversity highly and demands.Information technol gent needs both the manner ogy has changed frequently and location tional forms of work (such now published over the past decade journals & Kulik, & 1999, or Mitchell find few articles that You will Daniels, 2002). in focus on genuine theoretical developments see minor area. exten will this Instead, you empirical) science havioral see Ambrose (e. g. , sions, tests, or applications empirical ing theories. While clearly helpful, to breakthrough leads developments of exist this hardly in our (as opposed in leading greater decade workplace in memory. changes of the principles understanding underlying work motivation.At the same of time, a review recent in the the most editions of textbooks field of management and organizational be havior that most of the theories dis reveals cussed date from the 1960s and 1970s, with to more recent work. references only fleeting curious that some early motivation (It is also theories been widely that have subsequently to permeate continue discredited such texts. ) In short, while of management other fields negotiations, tion design) decision (e. g. , leadership, making, and teams, and organiza groups to develop continue conceptually, substantive theoretical focus developments on work motivation have not kept pace. ng research activities. as those New found Teams organiza in e-com are re merce) are commonplace. as of hierarchy, distributions. of power is on the rise. Managing workers contingent to perplex continues workers expe knowledge across rienced managers industries. divergent And globalization of man and the challenges defining traditional the notion aging stead across borders are now the norm in of the exception. as well The use 3 See 2003) focusing a key strategic mance. a special on issue the asset o? Harvard Business Review (January as of employee motivation importance in competition and corporate perfor 84 Academy of Management Review July can have a profound These changes influence on how companies to attract, retain, and attempt motivate their employees. Yet we lack new mod in of guiding behavior capable managerial this new era of work. As Cappelli â€Å"Most notes, observers of the corporate world believe that the traditional between and relationship employer is gone, but there is little understand employee it ended and even is less about what ing of why els that relationship† We believe (1999: 1). our intellec to redirect time has come new models? and into discovering tual energies new models? f work motiva research toward commensurate tion and with job performance replacing that the this new era. tions work plete, more theories. more for developing complex motivation that are more valid, broader useful in scope, and, to practitioners theories of more com by implication, than existing In the second, Yitzhak Fried and Linda Haynes examine in which ti me factors can Slowik ways influence and job perfor processes goal-setting mance in work that organizations. They argue the addition of time as a key variable in goal and validity setting theory adds to its dynamism in helping in in behavior explain employee creasingly environments. omplex, continually evolving work THE ROAD AHEAD With this for papers motivation. in mind, in 2001 AMR issued a call on the topic of the future of work was A special seminar held at the Next, Myeong-Gu Seo, Lisa Feldman Barrett, and Jean M. Bartunek draw on both psychologi cal and neurobiological of core affec theories a set of direct and tive experiences to identify indirect paths affec through which work-related can influence tive feelings three dimensions of behavioral and direction, intensity, to direct In addition af influence, persistence. an also influence behavior fective experiences on goal level their effects indirectly, through and goal commitment, as well of motivation as on components judgme nt expectancy, utility, and progress. L. Ackerman Ruth Kanfer and Phillip then use to fa and adult development theories life-span an understanding cilitate of the implications of on workplace motivation. aging aging Although as leading to declining is generally viewed cog nitive these au and intellectual capabilities, thors argue that this view may be overly sim is a more that aging Instead, plistic. hey argue in which process, cognitive complex declining are accompanied in other abilities by growth intellectual of motives abilities, reorganization traits. and goals, and changing personality mo how aging influences Fully understanding a comprehensive tivation, therefore, requires com of the different and often understanding taking changes this, Naomi Following and S. Alexander Gilder, pensatory place. Ellemers, Haslam Dick de use self the key to relating outcomes: of the Academy of Manage 2001 annual meeting ment to stimulate in the interest and discussion to the call, researchers I n response sub topic. ere mitted subse which papers, fifty-six of space reviewed. quently the journal, many papers worthy accommodated. However, following view six papers emerged cycles, offer new and useful ideas and future directions of the topic. What these for the theoretical In view could limitations not multiple that seem insights development of be re to into in common is a have papers on existing to build of effort theories genuine work motivation and extending by adapting con of the changing them to fit the realities is temporary Today's workplace workplace. hort-term characterized by an increasingly variable, performance among increasing employ interdependence ees in some form of team (often manifested to affective responses evolving organization), the workplace value increasing experience, on the part of employees, conflicts and motive nature of the transitory and a clear recognition focus, of careers. time as a critical six papers a variety address our understanding The t ivation Edwin A. Locke in this special issue appearing to advancing of issues critical of motivation theory and mo social pro categorization theory and identity cesses to examine in which ndividual the ways to determine interact work and group processes in organizations motivation. The fact that work around increasingly organized to understand it is important gests influence how work is teams how sug groups The first paper, by on focuses P. Latham, on work moti of metatheories the development six recommenda vation. These authors present in the workplace. and Gary motivation. Their paper can have in groups participation explores a power 2004 Steers, Mowday, and Shapiro 385 on motivation ful influence can be understood what by on individual-level effects. Finally, Hugo lines of research the influences and bove focusing and beyond Crown, D. F. , & Rosse, J. G. 1995. Yours, through mine the and ours: exclusively several Deci, Facilitating of individual and Human group productivity and g roup goals. Decision Processes, motivation. Organizational 64: 138-150. New York: social across integration Behavior M. Kehr synthesizes on motivation by E. L. 1975. Intrinsic P. C. 1997. Face, Plenum. structure: cultures. An New of explicit and on motivation abilities perceived model. using a compensatory workplace answer some model intriguing, helps solved examining implicit motives in the Kehr's unreEarley, of organizational analysis York: Oxford University Earley, P. C, and & Erez, norms: models. M. and harmony, behavior Press. 1991. Time role Journal of dependency effects processing of on 76: individual questions concerning goal at tainment and why self-set goals may sometimes be nonmotivating. to the these papers contribute Throughout, research and theo long tradition of substantive in the field of work motiva retical development tion that benefit both organizational researchers and practicing alike. managers goals motivational 717-727. 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Work motivation. Bulletin, F. , & Dickson, Cambridge, K. E. Bougon, context. M. G. , & Maru yama, Behavior J. 1939. Management Harvard University mance, Organizational 15: 32-65. Richard College California cultural Richard quist M. Steers is the Kazumitsu University His current Shiomi of Oregon. research Professor He received of Business, at Irvine. of Management his Ph. D. from in the Lundquist the University of and cross focuses on employee motivation management. T. Mowday is the Gerald B. Bashaw Professor of Management received his and research in the Lund Ph. D. on from leadership the of Business, College at of California University in organizations. University Irvine andHe of Oregon. focuses his teaching Steers, Mowday, and Shapiro Debra ment L. Shapiro, the Willard Graham of Manage Professor formerly Distinguished at UNC-Chapel is now professor of management in the and organization Hill, R. H. Smith School at College of Business, of Maryland Park, and a member University of the Academy of Management's Board of Governors. She her Ph. D. received from conflict Her Univ ersity. in organizations that the cross-cultural challenges research tend of managing focuses on issues regarding employee how to motivate to manage behaviors and Northwestern unproductive conflict effectively.