The Ineffective United States Penal System Essay - 950 Words

The Ineffective United States Penal System I have visited some of the best and the worst prison and have never seen signs of coddling, but I have seen the terrible results of the boredom and frustration of empty hours and pointless existence. -former United States Supreme Court Justice, Warren Burger In a famous psychological study conducted in 1986, mental health researches held an experiment to see the community, things changed. The rats became stressed out, violent, and developed nervous twitches, as well as eating disorders (Cozzone 8). God Bless America . . . Every year, more people are arrested than the entire combined populations of our 13 least populous states. America incarcerates five times as many people per†¦show more content†¦To be most effective, the programs must aim to change those who want to change, for those are the people who will change (or have a good chance). Inmates, when taught to be productive, are likely to develop the self-esteem essential to a normal, integrated personality (Szumski 21). These kinds of programs would provide essential skills, development of healthy habits, and replace the sense of hopelessness (Szumski 21) that many inmates have. Most of Americas correctional institutions lack programs of criminal rehabilitation. One can predict that a prisoner, after many years of incarceration without being educated, will have many more disadvantages upon their release back into society. One of the major sociological theories of delinquency is differential association (Doob 169). The idea is that some people have learned their ways from undesirable people who they were forced to associate with and that this association warps their thinking and social attitudes. Differential association theory emphasizes that a person is more likely to become a criminal if the people who have the greatest influence upon them are criminals (Doob 169). In addition, sending a deviant person, who has been associated with criminal influences, to prison would just make the problem worse (Fox 61). Group counseling, group interaction, and other kinds of group activities can provide a corrective, positive experience that mightShow MoreRelatedLegislation and Incarceration in United States956 Words   |  4 Pages#A2068178) The incarceration rate in the United States has steadily risen since 1973, and Franklin Zimring has examined the relationship between penal legislation and the incarceration rate. He has discovered three distinct periods which demonstrate three differences in the way legislation effects penal practices. During the first period in which there was a major rise in incarceration rates, 1973-1985, Zimring asserted that there was no relationship between penal legislation and the increase in incarcerationRead MoreAmeric Land Of The Incarcerated1296 Words   |  6 Pagesthe poem The Star Spangled Banner after witnessing the attack on Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy in the War of 1812. The poem was sang to the tune of a well-known British song and eventually, Key’s once amateur patriotic poem became the United States national anthem in which the lyrics strongly symbolize our country’s perseverance and freedom. The Star Spangled Banner can be heard at a variety gatherin gs such as official military functions and sporting events where celebrity singers oftenRead MoreAccording To The United States Census Bureau, The United1484 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to The United States Census Bureau, the United States population accounts for less than 5 percent of the world population. The United States, however, houses more than 20% of the world inmate population. From 1978 to 2014, there has been a sharp increase of the inmate population to the tune of over 400% - an alarming number that is not likely to decrease anytime soon (ACLU, n.d.). The United States government has placed tougher sanctions and punishments on criminals since the late 1970sRead MoreThe Judicial Corporal System Of Islamic Criminal Justice System Essay1299 Words   |  6 PagesIncarceration, especially in the United States, is widely known to be a massive taxpayer burden— to the tune of over $52 billion per year (CITE p414). In 2012, the annual cost per inmate in the United Sta tes was approximately $21,000 for low risk inmates, and up to $34,000 for high risk offenders (CITE p386). Additionally, incarceration places a significant financial burden on the offenders themselves, because they would lose their current jobs, and any job prospects they would have in the futureRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Its Effects On The United States817 Words   |  4 PagesUltimately, however, the War on Drugs did not limit national daily drug use. Instead, the War on Drugs had a greater impact on the United States’ justice, education, and healthcare systems than it did to limit citizen drug use. The War on Drugs has had a profound impact on the current legal system of the United States. The Reagan Administration, especially, shifted penal focus away from the drugs themselves and onto the user, leading to increased rates of incarceration. One of the factors leadingRead More Do Not Bring Back Flogging Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesForefathers’† system of punishment in his essay, â€Å"Bring Back Flogging.† Within the contents of his work, Jacoby describes how flogging was utilized as punishment in its day. One such example he utilizes involves a woman who pleaded guilty to committing adultery. He writes that her punishment was â€Å"fifteen stripes severally to be laid on upon her naked back at the Common Whipping post† (Jacoby 1). In his piece, Jacoby argues for the revival of flogging and Puritan style punishment in the United States. As wellRead MoreThe Economic Crisis Of Brazil1395 Words   |  6 Pages Brazil Historical Development While Brazil development state began in the response of the Great Depression during the economic crisis. The second section of this report describes the formal protection of human rights in the Brazilian criminal justice system, but also explains why these guarantees remain largely on paper. An understanding of why the Brazilian state appears to violate so many of the human rights that its own laws and Constitution guarantee requires some description of the historicalRead MoreCommunity Service As Punishment1735 Words   |  7 Pagesapologetic reparation that the person is now required to make to the community what he has wronged. The Indian Penal Code was the enacted in 1860 by virtue of the classic legal draftsmanship of Lord Macaulay. If there would have been a concept of community service prevalent at that time then the authors are sure that there would have been no need to urge the inclusion of the same in the Indian Penal Code. But since this exclusion by Macaulay is because o f no fault of his it is our duty to incorporate suchRead MoreMental Illness Among Prisons And The United States1576 Words   |  7 Pagesmost disadvantaged members, then the United States is in a very lowly state of affairs. The United States currently incarcerates over 356,000 individuals diagnosed with some form of mental illness. This is ten-fold the number of people receiving treatment in psychiatric hospitals, around 35,000 (Frances). Leaving us with the question, when did suffering from a mental illness become a crime worthy of incarceration? Doubt no longer remains as to if the this system is broken, as indicated by recent reportRead MoreRehabilitation Programs Should Be Abolished1669 Words   |  7 PagesIronically, the â€Å"land of the free† has more people imprisoned in proportion to its population than any other developed country in the world. There are over 2 million prisoners throughout the United States, and approximately 750,000 of them will be released with in the year. With the current methods in place in the prison system, most offenders will likely fall back into the same way of life that originally landed them in jail. In fact, roughly two-thirds of prisoners being released today will end up back in

Symbolism in The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott...

Symbolism in The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby is a classic American novel, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1927 about corruption, murder and life in the 1920’s. The true purpose for a writer to compose any piece of literature is to entertain the reader, and this writer does this to the best of his ability. In this well-crafted tale, Fitzgerald presents a fast moving, exciting story, and to any typical reader it can be enjoyed; however, if the reader takes the time to analyze his words and truly understand his symbolism used, it can transform this account into a completely different entity. In The Great Gatsby, it is apparent that Fitzgerald uses these symbols to provide representations of what life was†¦show more content†¦It implies that Gatsby and Daisy are meant to be together and nothing should stop Gatsby from his destined happiness and love with Daisy. It inspires hope for Gatsby that he is on the right path, heading towards the best years of his life. He believes that things will soon be as they once were, only better. â€Å"â€Å"Im going to fix everything just the way they were before,† he said nodding determinedly. â€Å"She’ll see.†Ã¢â‚¬ (p. 117). Green is also the color of money, and the color of the interior of Gatsby’s superfluous car. Gatsby drives a cream colored Rolls-Royce sedan, with green interior. The car in itself is just a way to show everyone that catches a glance of Gatsby to see just how wealthy he is, and a way to attract attention to himself, especially the attention of Daisy. The color green can be viewed with many perspectives, but Fitzgerald uses it to represent a plethora of concepts. The setting is another aspects that Fitzgerald utilizes as a symbol to further enhance the important themes presented in The Great Gatsby. The Valley of Ashes represents the poverty in America in the 1920’s and how filthy and corrupted some people’s lives were. All of the characters in the book go to the Valley of Ashes to commit sin or illegal acts. The East Egg (home of the Buchanans) representsShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay1259 Words   |  6 PagesDickson 16 December 2016 THE GREAT GATSBY Was Gatsby truly great? In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald a storyline unfolds throughout the book describing different characters, events, and gives us a glimpse through the window of the author s life. The story takes place in the hot summer of 1922 where a charming young man named Gatsby tries to do everything he can in order to be reunited with a girl he has always loved. From being poor to becoming wealthy, Gatsby hosts many parties in hopesRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald706 Words   |  3 PagesNever has symbolism played such a crucial part in the very foundation of a novel as it does in Scott Fitzgeralds masterpiece, The Great Gatsby. Harold Bloom has written about this book. The author used several types of symbolism in The Great Gatsby. The colours are probably the easiest to be recognized and guessed what they symbolized. According to the definition â€Å"symbolism† is the practice of representing things by means of symbols or of attributi ng symbolic meanings or significance to objectsRead More Symbolism in The Great Gatsby Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesGatsby Essay Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts. For example, a dove is usually used to represent peace. In the novel The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Fitzgerald uses a lot of symbolism to connect the characters with each other or to other objects. Fitzgerald’s use of symbolism helps advance his thematic interest in his novel of The Great Gatsby. In the Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald uses various colors, objectsRead MoreThe Great Gatsby - Demise Of The American Dream883 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Gatsby - Demise of the American Dream The Great Gatsby (1925) is a highly symbolic novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald on 1920 s America, an era of great prosperity and material excess. Its theme mainly deals with the disintegration of the American Dream due to decayed social and moral values. The American Dream is a set of ideals in which freedom includes the right for prosperity, success, and social upward mobility for all Americans which can be achieved through hard work and dedicationRead MoreSymbolism In The Great Gatsby1029 Words   |  5 Pagestheir social status. In The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the idea of wealth is seen throughout. Jay Gatsby, who lives next door to Nick Carraway; the Narrator of the story, wants to be with his dream girl Daisy. Gatsby is wealthy and throws parties to impress Daisy. Daisy however, is married to another man Tom Buchanan. Throughout the story the people with money use it to create their social status. In The Great Gatsby F.Scott Fitzgerald uses symbolism to convey, wealth causes peopleRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1684 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween the central characters of The Great Gatsby, a timeless classic written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, set in a hedonistic summer of 1922 America, and Death of a Salesman, written by American playwright Arthur Miller set in 1949 America. The characterisation of both Willy and Gatsby illustrate that they have similarities, in a way that are considered destitute, with imperfect ethical conduct. To a certain extent both protagonists have the right intentions; Gatsby wants to grasp at his quest for loveRead MoreSymbolism Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1440 Words   |  6 Pages Katelyn Sullivan Professor Cahan College Writing (CUL-221624-01X) 30 November 2015 Symbolism in The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is considered one of the greatest American novels ever written. A major aspect of the story is its symbolism, which is depicted through Fitzgerald’s views regarding American society in the 1920’s. Two significant elements of symbolism include, the green light and the eyes of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg. Each component to the storyline isRead More The American Dream in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby1134 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Dream in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is a brilliant illustration of life among the new rich during the 1920s, people who had recently amassed a great deal of wealth but had no corresponding social connections. The novel is an intriguing account about love, money and life during the 1920s in New York. It illustrates the society and the associated beliefs, values and dreams of the American population at that time. These beliefsRead MoreModernism in the Great Gatsby1190 Words   |  5 Pagesbeginning of some of the most renowned literature known to the United States. One of the famous books written in this time was The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1925. Included in the Modernism Era were the focus on trends and the extreme effect materialism makes on the society of the 1920’s. With the materials that one might own, it became their new way of life. In The Great Gatsby there are many signs of materialism and love for manufactured goods. Gatsby’s brilliant and lusciousRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald 793 Words   |  3 Pagesimportance? This can be known as a symbol! Symbolism can be found all over the place in the book, The Great Gatsby, and is a huge part of the book’s plot and characters. Some of these symbols are more important to the story than others, but all of them are a piece to the puzzle of the laudable book, The Great Gatsby. These symbols come in many different ways, and the book uses colors to show these important pieces. The book uses many different colors to show symbolism, and each color has its own effect on

Family Welfare Statistics 2011 Free Essays

FAMILY  WELFARE  STATISTICS  Ã‚   IN  Ã‚   INDIA 2011 Statistics  Division   Ministry  of  Health  and  Family  Welfare   Government  of  India Abbreviations AIDS AHS ANC ANM ANC APL ARI ASHA AWW AYUSH BCG BE BMS BPL CBR CDR CES CHC CNAA CPR CPR DLHS DPT DT EAG ECR EmOC FP FRUs HIV HMIS ICDS IDSP IDDCP IIPS IPHS IEC IFA Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Annual Health Survey Antenatal Care Auxiliary Nurse Mid-wife Ante Natal Care Above Poverty Line Acute Respiratory Infection Accredited Social Health Activist Anganwadi Worker Department of Ayurveda, Yoga Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy Bacillus Calmette Guerin Budget Estimates Basic Minimum Services Programme Below Poverty Line Crude Birth Rate Crude Death Rate Coverage Evaluation Survey Community Health Centre Community Needs Assessment Approach Contraceptive Prevalence Rate Couples Protection Rate District Level Household Survey Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus Diphtheria and Tetanus Empowered Action Group Eligible Couple Register Emergency Obstetric Care Family Planning First Referral Units Human Immunodeficiency Virus Health Management Information Systems In tegrated Child Development Services Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme Iodine Deficience Disorder Control Programme International Institute for Population Sciences Indian Public Health Standards Information, Education and Communication Iron and Folic Acid IMR IPHS IUCD IUD JSK JSY LHV MCTS ME MIES MIS MMR MNP MoHFW MPW-F/M MTP NACP NACO NCP NFHS NGO NLEP NIHFW NNMR NPCB NPP NPSF NRHM NSV NVBDCP NUHM Obs/gyn OP OPV ORS PCPNDT PHC PHN PIP PMG PMU Infant Mortality Rate Indian Public Health Standards Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device Intra Uterine Device Jansankhya Sthirtha Kosh Janani Suraksha Yojana Lady Health Visitor Mother and Child Tracking System Monitoring and Evaluation Monitoring, Information Evaluation System Management Information System Maternal Mortality Ratio Minimum Needs Programme Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Multi Purpose Worker – Female / Male Medical Termination of Pregnancy National AIDS Control Program National AIDS Control Organisation National Commission on Population National Family Health Survey Non-Governmental Organization National Leprosy Eradication Programme National Institute of Health and Family Welfare Neonatal Mortality Rate National Programme for Control of Blindness National Population Policy National Population Stabilisation Fund National Rural Health Mission No Scalpel Vasectomy National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme National Urban Health Mission Obstetrics and G ynecology Oral Pills Oral Polio Vaccine Oral Rehydration Solution Pre-conception Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Primary Health Centre Public Health Nurse Programme Implementation Plan Programme Management Group Programme Management Unit PNC PPP PRCs RCH RHS RKS RGI RNTCP RTI SBA SC SC/ST SRS STDs STI TBAs TFR TT UIP Post Natal Care Public Private Partnership Population Research Centres Reproductive and Child Health Rapid Household Survey Rogi Kalyan Samiti, Registrar General of India Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme Reproductive Tract Infection Skilled Birth Attendants Sub Centre Scheduled- Caste / Scheduled- Tribe Sample Registration System Sexually Transmitted Diseases Sexually Transmitted Infections Traditional Birth Attendants Total Fertility Rate Tetanus Toxoid Universal Immunization Program CONTENTS Page No. Preface †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Abbreviations Executive Summary and overview of Family Welfare Programme in India (Hindi English version)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. We will write a custom essay sample on Family Welfare Statistics 2011 or any similar topic only for you Order Now LIST OF TABLES SECTION – A Population Vital Statistics TABLE NO. A. 1 TITLE Population Growth, Crude Birth Rate, Death Rate Sex Ratio India 1901-2001 Distribution of Population, Sex Ratio, Density and Growth Rate of Population Census 2001 Rural and Urban Composition of Population, Census 1991 Total Population, Population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and their proportions to the total population Total Urban Population, Population of Cities/Towns Reporting Slums and Slum Population in Slum Areas – India, States, Union Territories Child Population in the age-group 0-6 by sex – Census 2001 2011 Population Aged 7 years and above 2011 (Provisional) Literates and Literacy Rates by sex, 2001 and 2011(Provisional) census Sex-ratio of total population and child population in the age-group 0-6 and 7+ years 2001 2011 Distribution of Population by Age Groups 2001(Census) Percentage Distribution of Population by Age and Sex, India, 1951-2001 census Projected Population Characteristics 2001-2012 Proportion of Population in Age Groups 0-4 and 5- 9 a A. 2 A. 3 A. 3. 1 A. 3. 2 A. 3. 3 A. 3. 4 A. 3. 5 A. 3. 6 A. 4 A. 5 A. 6 A. 7 Child-Woman Ratio, and Dependency Ratio, 2001 A 8. Number of Married Couples (With Wife Aged Between 15-44 Years), All India 2001 Percentage Distribution of Married Couples (With Wife Aged Between 15-44 years) by Age Group, Censuses 1961, 1971 , 1981, 1991 2001 Number of Married Females in Rural Areas by Age,2001 Number of Married Females in Urban Areas by Age,2001. A. 9 A. 10 A. 11 A11. 1 Estimated eligible couples per 1000 population – 1991 2001 Census A. 12 A. 3 Expectation of Life at Birth 1901-2016 Projected Levels of the Expectation of Life at Birth By Sex ,1996-2016 A13. 1 Expectancy of life at birth by sex and residence, India and bigger States, 2002-06 A. 14 A. 15 A. 16 A. 17 A. 18 Fertility Indicators 1996-2009 – All India Time Series Data on CBR, CDR, IMR and TFR – India Crude Birth and Death Rates in Rural and Urban Areas 1981-2009 Estimated Birth and Death Rates in D ifferent States/UTs – †¦1981,1991,2001-2009 Estimated Age-specific Death Rates by Sex, 2005-2009- India A. 18. 1 Estimated Age-specific Death Rates by Sex, 2005-2009- Rural A. 18. 2 Estimated Age-specific Death Rates by Sex, 2005-2009- Urban A. 19 A. 20 A. 21 A22 A. 2 A23 A24 Infant Mortality Rates by Sex, 1980 to 2009 – All India Infant Mortality Rates by Sex, 2001 to 2009 – India and Major States Mortality Indicators by Residence: All India 1980-2009 Infant Mortality Rate by Residence – All states/UTs Child Mortality Rate by Residence Mortality Indicators, India and Major States 2005 to 2009 Age Specific Fertility Rates (ASFR*) and Age Specific Marital Fertility Rates (ASMFR*): India, 2005-2009 Fertility Indicators for Major States -2005-2009 Estimated Age Specific Fertility Rates by Major States, 2005-2009 b A. 25 A. 26 A. 27 Age Specific Fertility Rates by Educational Level of the Woman, 2005 to 2009(All India) Mean Age at Effective Marriage (Fem ale), India and Major States, 2005 to 2009 Mean age at effective marriage of females , by residence India and Major States ,2005 to 2009 Percentage of Females by Age at Effective Marriage by Residence, India and Major States, 2005 to 2009 Percent Distribution of Live Births by Order of Birth , India and Major States, 2005-2009 Percentage Distribution of Births By Order of Births By Residence, 2005 to 2009 Average Number of Children Born per Woman by Age – 2001 A. 28 A. 29 A. 30 A. 31 A. 32 A. 33 A. 34 Proportion of Ever-married Womwn of parity (i+1) and above to 1000 Ever-married women of parity (i) and above 2001 Percentage of Ever-Married Women (Aged 50 and Above) With No Live Birth 2001 Percent distribution of live Births by Type of Medical Attention Received by the Mother at Delivery by Residence –All India Percentage of Deaths by Causes Related to Child Birth Pregnancy (Maternal) – All India (Rural) – 1985, 1990 , 1995,1997 1998 Percentage Distribution of Deaths due to Specific Causes under the Major Group â€Å"Causes Peculiar to Infancy† for selected States 1996-98 Maternal Mortality Ratio, 1997-98 to 2007-09 Under-five Mortality Rates(U5MR) by sex and residence, 2008 2009 Sex-ratio of child (age group 0-4) 2004-06 to 2007-09 – SRS A. 35 A. 36 A. 37 A. 38 A. 39 A. 40 A. 41 SECTION – B Family Welfare Programme Statistics i) Immunisation Coverage MTP Services B. 1 Year-Wise Achievement of Targets of MCH Activities – All Ind ia c B. 2 B. 3 B. 4 State-wise Targets and Achievements of M. C. H. Activities, 2004-05 to 2007-08 Year-Wise Medical Termination of Pregnancy Performed – All India State-Wise Medical Termination of Pregnancy Performed (ii) Family Planning Acceptance Impact of the programme B. 5 B. 6 B. 7 B. 8 B. 9 B. 10 B. 11 B. 12 Family Planning Acceptors by Methods – All India Sex-wise Break up of Sterilisation Performed Year-Wise Achievement of Family Planning Methods-All India State-Wise Achievements in respect of Sterilisations State-Wise Achievements in respect of IUD Insertions State-Wise Achievements in respect of Condom Users State-Wise Achievements in respect of O. P. Users State-Wise Vasectomies, Tubectomies and % share of Tubectomy to total Sterilisations State-Wise Number of Laparoscopic Tubectomies Along with Total Number Tubectomy Operations Performed State-wise Number of NSV Total Number of Vasectomy Operations Performed State-Wise Distribution of Condom Pieces State-Wise Number of Oral Pill Centres Functioning and Distribution of Oral Pill Cycles of B. 13 B. 14 B. 15 B. 16 B. 17 B. 18 B. 19 Number of Condom pieces and Oral Pill Cycles Distributed – All India Information Relating to Maternal Health, 2007 to 2011 Couples Currently and Effectively Protected in India By Various Methods of Family Planning Percentage effective CPR due to all Methods Couples Currently and Effectively Protected Number of Births Averted d B. 20 B. 21 B. 22 SECTION – C HMIS- New Key Indicators C. 1 C. 2 C. 3 C. 4 C. 5 C. 6 C. 7 C. 8 C. 9 C. 10 Number of pregnant women received 3 ANC Checkups Number of women given TT2/Booster Number of women having Hb level 11 (tested cases) Number of newborn visited within 24 hrs of home delivery Number of women discharged under 48 hrs of delivery from public facility Number of Still Births Number of newborns weighed at Birth Number of newborns having weight less than 2. 5 Kgs Number of Newborns breastfed within 1 hour Number of women receiving post partum check-up within 48 hours after delivery SECTION – D Survey Findings D. 1 D. 2 D. 3 D. Key Indicators NHFS-III Comparative Key Indicators – NFHS-III, NFHS-II and NFHS-I Comparative Key Indicators- DLHS-1, DLHS-2 and DLHS-3 Comparison of Key Indicators – NFHS(2005-06), DLHS (2007-08) and Converage Evaluation Survey(CES) 2009 conducted by UNICEF Concurrent Evaluation NRHM – India Facts (2009) Results of Annual Health Survey, 2010-11 D. 5 D. 6 SECTION –E Infrastructure facilities E. 1 E. 2 Number of Sub-Centres, PHCs CHCs functioning as on March, 2010 Facility Survey, DLHS ,2007-2008 e E. 3 E. 4 E. 5 E. 6 E. 7 Health Worker (Female)/ANM at Sub-Centre Health Worker (Female) Sub-Centre and PHCs Number of sub-centres without ANMs or and Health Workers(M) Doctors+ at Primary Health Centres Number of PHCs with Doctors and without Doctors/Lab Technician/Pharmacist SECTION –F Outlay and Expenditure on Family Welfare F. Year Wise BE, RE and Actual Expenditure relating to Department of Family Welfare Plan Outlay on Health Family Welfare in Different Plan Periods Centre, States and Union Territories Scheme-wise breakup of actual expenditure during 2007-08 and outlay for 2008-09 Details of External Assistance fro RCH Programme and Immunization Strengthening Project External Funding Assistance for Polio Programme F. 2 F. 3 F. 4 F. 5 Annexures Annex1 Annex 2 Annex 3 Demographic Indicators Demographic Estimates for Selected Countries, 2008 Definitions f SUMMARY  OF  FAMILY  WELFARE   PROGRAMME  IN  INDIA Executive Summary The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare brings out a statistical publication titled â€Å"Family Welfare Statistics in India†. The publication presets the most up-to-date data on the performance of various family welfare programmes and various demographic indicators. The 2011 edition contains six sections. Section â€Å"A† (Tables: A. 1 to A. 1) of the report covers Vital Statistics and captures data on population, sex ratio, rural urban composition, child population, percentage distribution of population by age and sex, number of married couples, life expectancy at birth, fertility indicators, age specific fertility rates by educational levels, age specific death rates by sex, infant mortality rate by sex, child mortality rate, Maternal Mortality Ratio, etc. Analysis of some of the important indicators, is gi ven in the â€Å"Over View† (Para 1. 0 to 5. 0). Performance of immunization activities, family planning programmes, MTP services, etc. are covered in Section-B (Tables-B. 1 to B. 22). Para 6. 0 to 6. 9 discusses some of these important parameters in the â€Å"Overview†. The â€Å"Section-C† (Tables C. 1 to C. 0) of the Report covers State-wise data on some of the indicators like; Number of pregnant women received 3 ANC checkups, Number of women given TT2/Booster, Number of women having Hb level 11 (tested cases), Number of newborn visited within 24 hrs of home delivery, Number of women discharged within 48 hrs of delivery from public facility, Number of Still Births, Number of newborns weighed at Birth, Number of newborns having weight less than 2. 5 Kgs. , Number of Newborns breastfed within 1 hour, Number of women receiving post partum check-up within 48 hours after delivery, etc. This data is an aggregation of district level data which is uploaded on Health Management Information System (HMIS) portal of the Ministry by States/UTs. A number of large scale surveys are being carried out by the Ministry from time to time to assess the performance of various health and family welfare programmes. These surveys inter-alia include, National Family Health Survey (NFHS), District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS), Annual Health Survey (AHS), Facility Survey, Concurrent Evaluation Survey (CES) of NRHM, etc. Section-D focuses on the indicators covered in these large surveys. Data on key indicators (State-wise) covered in NFHS-III (2005-06) as compared with NFHS-II (1998-99) and NFHS-I (1992-93) are given in Tables D. 1 and D. 2. Tables D-3 captures data on key indicators covered in DLHS-III (2007-08) as compared with DLHS-II(2002-04) and DLHS-I (1998-99). Concurrent Evaluation of NRHM was carried out in 2009. The indicators covered include (a) health infrastructure facilities (b) Communitisation of services (c) Functioning of ANM (d) Availability of Human Resources (e) Service Outcomes. The results of the evaluation survey i are presented in Table D-5. A comparative data on common indicators covered in NFHS-III, DLHS-III and CES-2009 are brought out in Table D-4. The Ministry of Health Family Welfare, in collaboration with the Registrar General of India (RGI), had launched an Annual Health Survey (AHS) in the erstwhile Empowered Action Group States (Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattishgarh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan) and Assam. The aim of the survey was to provide feedback on the impact of the schemes under NRHM in reduction of Total Fertility Rate (TFR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) at the district level and the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) at the regional level by estimating these rates on an annual basis for around 284 districts in these States. The results of the first round of AHS for some of the indicators viz. Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Crude Death Rate (CDR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Neo-natal Mortality Rate, Under Five Mortality Rate, Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), Sex Ratio, etc. have since become available and are given in Section-D (Tables D. 6. 1 to D. 6. 5). Data on key indicators covered in â€Å"Facility Survey-2007-08† conducted as part of DLHS-III are given in â€Å"Section E†. Latest data received from States /UTs regarding availability of Human resource infrastructure facilities at Sub Centre, Primary Health Centre (PHC) and Community Health Centre (CHC) are also given in â€Å"Section-E† (Tables E. 1 to E. 7). Section-F covers â€Å"Outlay and Expenditure on Family Welfare† 2010-11 programmes for the year ii Overview Family Welfare Programme in India, 2011 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF INDIA 1. 0 Vital Statistics 1. 1 As on 1st March, 2011 India’s population stood at 1. 21 billion comprising of 623. 72 million (51. 54%) males and 586. 47 million (48. 46%) females. India, which accounts for world’s 17. percent population, is the second most populous country in the world next only to China (19. 4%). One of the important features of the present decade is that, 2001-2011 is the first decade (with th e exception of 1911-21) which has actually added lesser population compared to the previous decade. In absolute terms, the population of India has increased by about 181. 46 million during the decade 2001-2011. Of the 121 crore Indians, 83. 3 crore (68. 84%) live in rural areas while 37. 7 crore (31. 16%) live in urban areas, as per the Census of India’s 2011. Highlights of Census 2011 The average annual exponential growth declined to 1. 64% per annum during 2001-2011 from 1. 97% per annum during 1991-2001. Decadal growth during 2001-2011 declined to 17. 64% from 21. 54% during 1991-2001. The decade is the first, with the exception of 1911-21, which has actually added fewer people compared to the previous decade. The rural population (83. 31 crore) and urban Population (37. 71 crore) constitutes 68. 84% and 31. 16% respectively to the total population of the country. During 2001-2011, for the first time, the growth momentum of population for the EAG States declined by about four percentage points. This, together with a similar reduction in the non-EAG States and Union Territories, has brought down the rate of growth of population for the country by 3. 9 percent as compared to 1991-2001. iii Though the child-sex ratio [0 to 6 years] has declined from 927 female per 1000 males in 1991-2001 to 914 females per 1000 males, increasing trend in the child sex ratio was seen in Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Mizoram and Andaman and Nicobar Island. Literacy rate increased from 64. 83% in 2001 to 74. 04% in 2011; 82. 14% male literacy, 65. 46% female literacy. Among the States and Union Territories, Uttar Pradesh is the most populous State with 199. 6 million people and Lakshadweep the least populated with 64,429 people. The contribution of Uttar Pradesh (UP) to the total population of the country is 16. 5% followed by Maharashtra (9. 3%), Bihar (8. 6%), West Bengal (7. 6%), Andhra Pradesh (7. 0%) and Madhya Pradesh (6. ). The combined contribution of these six most populous States in the country accounts for 55% to the country’s population 1. 2 The country’s headcount is almost equal to the combined population of the United States of America (USA), Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Japan — all put together. The combined population of UP and Maharashtra is bigger than that of the USA. Population of many Indian States is comparable with countries like United Kingdom (UK), Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, etc. States in India vs Countries in the World (In Millions) State in India Population- Country @ Population@ 2011 Uttar Pradesh 199. 6 Brazil 195. Maharashtra 112. 4 Japan 127. 0 Bihar 103. 8 Mexico 110. 5 iv West Bengal Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Tamil Nadu Rajasthan Karnataka 91. 3 84. 7 72. 6 72. 1 68. 6 61. 1 Philippines Germany Turkey 93. 6 82. 1 72. 7 Thailand 68. 1 France 62. 8 United 61. 9 Kingdom Gujarat 60. 4 Italy 60. 1 Orissa 41. 9 Argentina 40. 7 Kerala 33. 4 Canada 33. 9 Jharkhand 33. 0 Morocco 32. 4 Assam 31. 2 Iraq 31. 5 Punjab 27. 7 Malaysia 27. 9 Chhattisgarh 25. 5 Saudi 26. 2 Arabia Haryana 25. 4 Australia 21. 5 @Source: State of World Population 2010 1. 3 The Average Annual Exponent ial Growth Rate (AAEGR) for 2001-2011 dipped sharply to 1. 64 percent per annum from 2. 6 percent during 1981-1991 and 1. 97 percent per annum during 1991-2001. Among the major States, Bihar, JK, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, NCT of Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Uttarakhand and Gujarat recorded higher annual exponential growth rate as compared to the national average during 2001-2011. The State of Bihar registered the highest (2. 26%) AAEGR and Kerala (0. 48) registered the lowest. v 1. 4 The decadal rate of growth of population has slowed down to 17. 64% in 2001-2011 as compared to 21. 54% in 1991-2001. At the State level, growth rates varied widely. Nagaland with (-) 0. 47% had the lowest decadal growth rate. The phenomenon of low growth has started to spread beyond the boundaries of the Southern States during 2001-11, where in addition to Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka in the South, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab in the North, West Bengal and Orissa in the East, and Maharashtra in the West have registered a growth rate between eleven to sixteen percent in 2001-2011 over the previous decade. Among the larger States, Bihar registered the highest decadal growth rate of 25% and Kerala the lowest (4. 86%). It is significant that the percentage decadal growth during 2001-2011 has registered the sharpest decline since independence. It declined from 23. 87 percent for 1981-1991 to 21. 54 percent for the period 1991-2001, a decrease of 2. 33 percentage point. During 20012011, this decadal growth has become 17. 64 percent, a further decrease of 3. 90 percentage points (Table A-1). 1. Traditionally, for historical reasons, some States depicted a tendency of higher growth in population. Recog nizing this phenomenon, and in order to facilitate the creation of area-specific programmes, with special emphasis on eight States that have been lagging behind in containing population growth to manageable limits, the Government of India constituted an Empowered Action Group (EAG) in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in March 2001. These eight States were Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Orissa, which came to be known as ‘the EAG States’. During 2001-11, the rate of growth of population in the EAG States except Chhattisgarh has slowed down (Table-A-2). For the first time, the growth momentum of population in the EAG States has given the signal of slowing down, falling by about four percentage points. This, together with a similar reduction in the non-EAG States and Union Territories, has brought down the rate of growth for the country by 3. 9 percentage points during 2001-11 as compared to 1991-2001. vi 1. 6 Natural Growth Rate: The natural growth rate, which is the difference between the birth rate and death rate, was estimated as 1. 52% in 2009 against 1. 97 % in 1991. 1. 7 Sex Ratio: According to Census of India 2011, the sex ratio has shown some improvement in the last 10 years. It has gone up from 933 in 2001 census to 940 in 2011 census. Kerala with 1084 has the highest sex ratio followed by Pondicherry with 1038. Daman and Diu has the lowest sex ratio of 618. The Sex Ratio in Arunachal Pradesh (920), Bihar (916), Gujarat (918), Haryana (877), J(883), Madhya Pradesh(930), Maharashtra (925), Nagaland(931), Punjab(893), Rajasthan(926),Sikkim (889) and Uttar Pradesh (908) is lower than the national average. All UTs except Puducherry and Lakshadweep also have lower Sex Ratio as compared to national average (Table A-2). 1. 8 Child Sex Ratio: The child sex ratio (0-6 years), has declined to 914 in 2011 Census as compared to 927 in 2001. It showed a continuing preference for male children over females in the last decade. Increasing trend in the child sex ratio was seen in States/UTs viz. Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Mizoram, Chandigarh and Andaman Nicobar Islands but in all the remaining States / Union Territories, the child sex ratio showed decline over Census 2001 (Table-A-3. 6). Literacy level: According to the provisional data of the 2011 census, the literacy rate 1. 9 went up from 64. 83 per cent in 2001 to 74. 04 per cent in 2011 — showing an increase of 9. 21 percentage points. Significantly, the female literacy level saw a significant jump as compared to males. The female literacy in 2001 was 53 per cent and it has gone up to 65. 46 per cent in 2011. The male literacy, in comparison, rose from 75. 3 to 82. 14 per cent (Table A-3. 5). Kerala, with 93. 1 per cent, continues to occupy the top position among States as far as literacy is concerned while Bihar remained at the bottom of the ladder at 63. 82 per cent. vii Ten States and Union Territories, including Kerala, Lakshadweep, Mizoram, Tripura, Goa, Daman and Diu, Puducherr y, Chandigarh, NCT of Delhi and Andaman and Nicobar Islands have achieved a literacy rate of above 85 per cent. 2. 0 POPULATION PROJECTIONS 2. 1 Population Projections: The projections for the country, individual States and Union Territories up to the year 2026 made by the Technical Group constituted by the National Commission on Population (NCP) under the Chairmanship of Registrar General, India, reveals that the country’s population would reach 1. 4 billion by 2026. Projected Population of India (In Millions) The projected population and proportion (percent) of population by broad age-group as on 1st March, 2001-2026 as per â€Å"Report of the Technical Group on Population Projections – Ministry of Health Family Welfare (May 2006)† are given in the Table below: Year Population (in millions) Proportion (percent) 15-59 15-49 (years) (years) (Female Population) 35. 4 57. 7 51. 1 32. 1 60. 4 53. 1 29. 1 62. 6 54. 5 0-14 (years) 60+ (years) 6. 9 7. 5 8. 3 2001 2006 2011 1029 1112 1193 (1210 )* 1269 1340 1400 2016 2021 2026 26. 8 25. 1 23. 4 63. 9 64. 2 64. 3 54. 8 54. 1 53. 3 9. 3 10. 7 12. 4 *As per provisional figures of Census 2011. viii 2. 2 National Population Policy (NPP), 2000: Government has adopted a National Population Policy in February, 2000. The main objective is to provide or undertake activities aimed to achieve population stabilisation, at a level consistent with the needs of sustainable economic growth, social development and environment protection, by 2045. The other objectives are: †¢ †¢ †¢ To promote and support schemes, programmes, projects and initiatives for meeting the unmet needs for contraception and reproductive and child health care. To promote and support innovative ideas in the Government, private and voluntary sector with a view to achieve the objectives of the National Population Policy 2000. To facilitate the development of a vigorous people’s movement in favour of the national effort for population stabilisation. 2. 3 National Commission on Population (NCP): With a view to monitor and direct the implementation of the National Population Policy, the NCP was constituted in 2000 and it was re-constituted in 2005. The Chairman of the re-constituted Commission continued to be Hon’ble Prime Minister of India, whereas Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission and the Minister of Health FW are the two Vice-Chairmen and Secretary, H, is the Member-Secretary of the Commission. State Population Commissions: State Population Commissions have been 2. 4 constituted in 20 States/UTs. viz. Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, J, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Andaman Nicobar Island and Lakshadweep. Janasankhya Sthirata Kosh (JSK): The Jansankhya Sthirata Kosh (JSK) has been set 2. 5 up as an autonomous body in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, duly registered as a Society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. The objective of JSK is to facilitate the attainment of the goals of National Population Policy 2000 and support projects, schemes, initiatives and innovative ideas designed to help population stabilization both in the Government and Voluntary sectors and provide a window for canalizing resources through voluntary contributions from individuals, industry, trade organizations and other legal entities in furtherance of the national cause of population stabilization. 3. 0 DEMOGRAPHIC and HEALTH STATUS INDICATORS 3. 1 The demographic and health status indicators have shown significant improvements. The Table below captures data on Crude Birth Rate, Crude Death Rate, and Life Expectancy etc. ix Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 Parameters Crude Birth Rate (per 1000 population Crude Death Rate (per 1000 population) Total Fertility Rate Maternal Mortality Ratio (per 100,000 live births) Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000 live births) Child Mortality Rate (0-4 yrs. ) per 1000 children Couple Protection Rate (%) Expectation of life at birth (in years) -Male -Female 1951 40. 8 25. 1 6. 0 NA 1981 33. 9 12. 5 4. 5 NA 1991 29. 5 9. 8 3. 6 398 SRS (199798) 80 26. 5 2001 25. 4 8. 4 3. 1 301 (2001-03) Current Levels 22. 5 (2009) 7. 3 (2009) 2. 6(2009) 212 SRS (2007-09) 50(2009) 14. 1(2009) 5 6 146 (1951-61) 57. 3 (1972) 10. 4 (1971) 110 41. 2 66 19. 3 7 8 22. 8 44. 1 45. 6 40. 4(2011) 37. 1 36. 1 (1951) 54. 1 54. 7 60. 6 61. 7 (199196) 61. 8 63. 5 (1999-03) 62. 6 64. 2 (2002-06) Source: Office of Registrar General of India, except 7 above which is based on estimation done by statistics Division of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. NA – Not available 3. 2 Crude Birth Rate (CBR): The Crude Birth Rate declined from 29. 5 in the 1991 to 22. 5 in 2009. The CBR is higher (24. 1) in rural areas as compared to urban areas (18. 3). Uttar Pradesh recorded the highest CBR (28. 7) and Goa the lowest (13. 5). Assam (23. 6), Bihar (28. 5), Chhattisgarh (25. 7), Jharkhand (25. 6), Madhya Pradesh (27. 7), Rajasthan (27. 2), Uttar Pradesh (28. 7) recorded higher CBR as compared to the national average. Among the Smaller States / UTs, D Haveli (27. 0) and Meghalaya (24. ) recorded higher CBR as compared to the national average while Tripura (14. 8) recorded the lowest CBR during 2009-Table A-15, A16 A17. x 3. 3 Life Expectancy: The life expectancy at birth for male was 62. 6 years as compared to females, 64. 2 years according to 2002-06 estimates. Urban Male (67. 1 years) and Urban Female (70 years) have longer life span as compared to their rural counter parts. The life expectancy in Kerala is the highest (74 years) and the lowest in Madhya Pradesh (58 years) Table A-13. 1. xi 4. 0 MORTALITY INDICATORS 4. 1 Crude Death Rate (CDR): The CDR, which was stagnant during 2007 and 2008 at 7. 4, came down to 7. 3 in 2009. The CDR is higher in rural areas (7. ) as compared to urban areas (5. 8). The death rate is highest (8. 8) in Orissa and lowest in Nagaland (3. 6) – (Table A-17). Age-specific Death Rates: The ASDR for the year 2009 was 14. 1 per 1000 in the age-group 0-4; it drastically declined in the next age-group (5-9) to 1 per 1000. The ASDR gradually increased in each age-group to reach to the level 20. 4 per 1000 in the age-group 60-64 and continued to increase to reach finally to the level 173. 9 per 1000 in the last age-group, 85+. ) The Age-specific Mortality rates are declining over the years; the rural-urban and Male – Female differentials are still high (Table A-18 to A-18. 3) xii 4. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): According to SRS 2009, the IMR at national level was 50 per 1000 live births in 2009 as compared to 53 in 2008. The IMR is higher in respect of Female (52) as compared to Male (49). The highest infant mortality rate has been reported from Madhya Pradesh (67) and lowest from Kerala (12). Assam (61), Bihar (52), Chhattisgarh (54), Haryana (51), Madhya Pradesh (67), Orissa (65), Rajasthan (59) and Uttar Pradesh (63) recorded higher IMR as compared to the national average (Table-A-20) Infant Mortality Rates – Rural/Urban (All India) xiii The IMR is very high in rural areas (55 per 1000 live births) as compared to urban areas (34). Rural areas of Madhya Pradesh registered the highest IMR (72) followed by Orissa (68), Uttar Pradesh (66). Rural areas of Kerala State recorded the Lowest IMR (12) in the country. Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh recorded highest IMR in urban areas. Kerala had the lowest IMR (11) in urban areas. Amongst the smaller states, Rural and Urban areas of Goa recorded lowest IMR during 2009 (Table-A-22). The increase in medical attention to the pregnant women at the time of live births may have resulted in decline in IMR over the period. But in the rural areas, the medical attention is still on the lower side (Table-A36) Distribution of Live Births by Type of Medical Attention Received by the Mother-2009 (%) Neo-natal Mortality Rate: Neo-natal mortality refers to number of infants dying within one month. Neo-natal health care is concerned with the condition of the newborn from birth to 4 weeks (28 days) of age. Neo-natal survival is a very sensitive indicator of population growth and socio-economic development. The survival rate of female infants correlates to subsequent population replacement. The neo-natal mortality rate which was stagnant at 37 per 1000 live births during 2003 to 2006 marginally came down to 36 in 2007, 35 in 2008 and stood at 34 during 2009. The neo-natal mortality rate is very high in rural areas (38 per 1000 live births) as compared to 21 in urban areas in 2009. The neonatal mortality rate also xiv varies considerably among Indian States. Madhya Pradesh (47), Uttar Pradesh (45), Orissa (43), Rajasthan (41), J (37), Himachal Pradesh (36), Haryana(35), Gujarat(34), Chhattisgarh(38) recorded higher neo-natal mortality rate as compared to national average. The Neo-natal mortality rate is lowest in the Kerala State (7). The significant feature is that, the Neo-natal Mortality Rate came down or remained stagnant in 2009 as compared to 2008 except in the case of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand and Karnataka (Table A23) Post-Neo-Natal Mortality Rate: Refers to number of infant deaths at 28 days to one year of age per 1000 live births. The Post Neo natal Mortality Rate came down to 16 in 2009 from 24 in 2002. The Post Neo Natal Mortality Rate is high in rural areas (17) as compared to urban areas (13) (Table A-21) Peri–natal Mortality Rate: Refers to number of still birth and deaths within 1st week of delivery per 1000 live births. The Peri-natal Mortality Rate varies in the range of 37 to 35 since 2001 and stood at 35 in 2009. It is high in rural areas (39) as compared to urban areas (23) during 2009. The Peri-natal Mortality Rate significantly varied across the States. Kerala with 13 is the best performing State, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh (45) are least performing States during 2009. Still Birth Rate (SBR): The SBR came down to 8 in 2008 from 9 in 2007. However, it remained stagnant at 8 in 2009 also. The number of Still Births varied across the States between 1 (Bihar) and 17 (Karnataka) in 2009 (TableA-23). 4. 3 Child Mortality Rate (0-4): Child Mortality Rate is measured in terms of death of number of children (0-4 years) taking place per 1000 children (0-4 year’s age). As per SRS estimates, the Child Mortality Rate (CMR) has come down from 57. 3 in 1972 to 26. 5 in 1991 and 14. 1 in 2009. The CMR is very high in rural areas (15. 7) as compared to urban areas (8. 7) in 2009 and this observation is relevant for almost all States uniformly. The highest Child Mortality Rate was recorded in Madhya Pradesh (21. 4) closely followed by Uttar Pradesh (20. 1) and Assam (19. 0). Kerala with 2. 6 CMR is the best Performing State (Table A22. 1) 5. 0 FERTILITY INDICATORS The three common measures of fertility are; (a) Crude Birth Rate (CBR), (b) Age-Specific Fertility Rates (ASFR), and (c) Total Fertility Rate (TFR). CBR has already been discussed in para 3 . 2 above. 5. 1 Age Specific Fertility Rates (ASFR) Age Specific Marital Fertility Rates (ASMFR): ASFR is defined as the number of children born to women in the said age group per 1000 women in the same age group and ASMFR as the number of children born to married women in the said age group per 1000 women in the same age group. Table A-24 presents ASFR and ASMFR data separately for rural and urban areas, for the years 2004 to 2009. It is xv bserved that ASMFRs are higher than ASFRs in respect of all age groups as ASMFR covers only married women. Throughout the period 2004-2009, the age group 20-24 continued to have peak fertility rates in rural and urban areas, but both these indicators are lower in urban areas as compared to rural areas. The ASMFR increased to 326 in 2009 f rom 303 in 2008 and the ASFR increased to 227. 8 in 2009 from 218. 6 in 2008 for the age group 20-24. Data on Age Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR) reveals that the fertility rate in 15 to 19 years age group has moderately declined in 2009 (38. 5) as compared to 2008 (41. 6). Lower fertility rates are observed in U. P. Bihar only after attaining the age 40 years while in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, this stage is reached in the earlier age groups namely 30-34 and 35-39 (Table A-26). ASFR is showing a decreasing trend as the literacy level increases in the age group of 20-24 (the peak fertility age group)-Tables A-27. 5. 2 Age at Effective Marriage (AEM): The Mean age at effective marriage is the age at consummation of marriage, is almost stagnant and hovering around 20 years between 2005 and 2009. The State level data show variations in the AEM. It is the highest in J (23. 6) followed by Kerala (22. 7), Delhi Tamil Nadu (22. 4), Himachal Pradesh (22. 2), and Punjab (22. 1) in 2009. Rajasthan (19. ) has the lowest AEM. The AEM in urban areas is higher than the rural one but the difference is just two years. The rural- urban difference is highest (3. 1 years) in Assam and least in Kerala (0. 1 years). The AEM in respect of more than 50% female in rural areas is 18-20 years whereas in urban areas, the AEM in respect of more than 60% female is 21+ (Tables A-28 to A-30) xvi 5. 3 Total Fertility Rate (TFR): The TFR for the country remained constant at 2. 6 during 2008 and 2009 with Bihar reporting the highest TFR at 3. 9 while Kerala and Tamil Nadu continued its outstanding performance with the lowest TFR of 1. 7. Among the major States, the TFR level of 2. has been attained by Andhra Pradesh (1. 9), Karnataka (2. 0), Kerala (1. 7), Maharashtra (1. 9), Punjab (1. 9), Tamil Nadu (1. 7) and West Bengal (1. 9). The rural woman is having higher TFR (2. 9) as compared to urban (2. 0) women (TableA-25). 6. 0 FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMME: In 1952, the Indian Government was one of the first in the world to launch a national family planning programme, which was later expanded to encompass maternal and child health, family welfare and nutrition. The figures given in the publication are based on the data reported by the State/UTs at district level and then consolidated at State and National level on HMIS portal. Percentage of districts reported in 2009-10 and 2010-11 was 98%. 6. 1 Maternal Health: Maternal health refers to the health of women during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. Antenatal care (ANC) is the systemic medical supervision of women during pregnancy. Its aim is to preserve the physiological aspect of pregnancy and labour and to prevent or detect, as early as possible, all pathological disorders. Early diagnosis during pregnancy can prevent maternal ill-health, injury, maternal mortality, foetal death, infant mortality and morbidity. During 2010-11, 28. 30 million women got registered for ANC checkup and more than 20 million underwent 3 check-ups during the pregnancy period. vii The institutional deliveries to total deliveries (Institutional +home) increased from 56. 7% in 2006-07 to 78. 5% in 2010-11. Kerala and Tamil Nadu (99. 8%) are the best performing States in the country during 2010-11 (Table B-18). 6. 2 Medical Termination of Pregnancy: To avoid the misus e of induced abortions, most countries have enacted laws whereby only qualified Gynecologists under conditions laid down and done in clinics/hospitals that have been approved, can do abortions. The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act was enacted by the Indian Parliament in 1971 and came into force from 01 April, 1972. The MTP Act was again revised in 1975. The MTP Act lays down the condition under which a pregnancy can be terminated, especially the persons and the place to perform it. During 2010-11, 620472 MTPs were performed by 12510 approved institutions in the country. Uttar Pradesh with 576 approved institutions performed maximum number (81420) MTPs in the country followed by Maharashtra (78047) during 2010-11. xviii About 60% MTPs in the country were performed in 6 States viz. Assam, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana in 2010-11(Table B4). 6. 3 Child Health Immunization programmes aim to reduce mortality and morbidity due to Vaccine Preventable Diseases (VPDs), particularly for children. India’s immunization programme is one of the largest in the world in terms of quantities of vaccines used, numbers of beneficiaries, number of immunization sessions organized and the geographical area covered. Under the immunization program, vaccines are used to protect children and pregnant mothers against six diseases. They are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Tuberculosis Diphtheria Pertussis Polio Measles Tetanus In India, under Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) vaccines for six vaccinepreventable diseases (tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus, poliomyelitis, and measles) are provided free of cost to all. Tetanus Immunization for expectant Mother: During 2010-11, 78. 14% of the estimated need for vaccinating 29. 68 million expectant mothers was achieved. As compared to 200910 the achievement is on lower side (83. 82%). The achievement varied widely across the States, the highest percentage of achievement is observed in Lakshadweep (112. 1%) followed by the Mizoram (106. 8%). Among major States, Tamil Nadu immunized 98. 5% of the targeted numbers and Bihar recorded the lowest immunization (58%). The achievement xix of Bihar is the lowest among the major States consecutively for the third year (TableB1B2). DPT Immunization for Children: The DPT is an immunization or vaccine to protect against the diseases of Diphtheria (D), Pertussis (P), and Tetanus (T). The III dose of DPT vaccination was to be administered to 25. 54 Million children (Target) and achieved 89. 20% during 201011 as against the achievement of 99. 0% in 2009-10. Andhra Pradesh (100. 3%), Tamil Nadu (102. %), Himachal Pradesh (105. 7%), JK (105. 3%), Manipur (118. 8%), Meghalaya (108. 5%) and Mizoram (134. 2%) achieved more than 100% targeted numbers (Table- B1B2). Polio: More than 89 percent children received the third dose of Polio va ccine in 2010-11 but the percentage dropped from 98. 6% in 2009-10. The percentage of children who received third dose of polio ranges from 31. 4% in AN Islands to 133. 8% in Mizoram. Eight States viz. Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, JK, Manipur, Meghalaya and Mizoram achieved more than 100% targeted numbers during 2010-11. Achievement of Bihar State is the lowest (69. 1%) among the major States (Table- B1B2). BCG: BCG vaccine is given for protection against tuberculosis, mainly severe forms of childhood tuberculosis. 23. 88 million Children of below one year were targeted for administering BCG vaccine during 2010-11 as against 25. 19 million in 2009-10. The achievement in 2010-11 was 93. 5% as against 101. 7 % in 2009-10. 14 States / UTs achieved more than 100% immunization during 2010-11 as against 20 States/UTs in 2009-10. Pondicherry achieved the highest percentage immunization (179. 8%) in 2010-11. Measles: 22. 10 million Children of below one year age received measles vaccine during 2010-11 as against 25. 54 million children accounting for an achievement of 86. 6% as against 95. 0% in 2009-10. Himachal Pradesh, JK, Manipur, Meghalaya and Mizoram achieved more than 100% vaccination in 2010-11 (Table- B1B2). Tetanus: Vaccination against Tetanus was administered to 9. 7 million (Target: 25. 1 Million) children of 5 years age (DT), 14. 30 million children of 10 years age (Target: 25. 66 million) and 13. 0 million children of 16 years age (Target: 26. 01 Million) during 2010-11. The achievement as against the set target works out to 38. 6%, 54. 8% and 50. 0% respectively in respect of the above age group of children. Bihar State is lagging behind in achievement as compared to all other major States. The achievement is only 5. 6% (of the target) in the case of children 5 years of age, 14. 8% for children of 10 Years and 20. % for children of 16 years during 2010-11. Except Sikkim (for the age group children 10 years), no other State vaccinated the children to the extent of 100% of the target during 2010-11(Table- B1B2). 6. 4 Family Planning: Birth control pills, condoms, sterili zation, IUD (Intrauterine device) etc. are most commonly practiced Family Planning methods in the country. The efforts of the Government in implementing the Family Planning Programme in the country have significant impact. However, Social factors like reluctance, traditions and socio-cultural beliefs towards large family emerge as the major constraints towards adopting Family Planning methods. Female xx iteracy, age at marriage of girls, status of women, strong son preference, and lack of male involvement in family planning, are also significant factors associated with adoption of small family norm. IMPACT OF FAMILY WELFARE ACTIVITIES †¢ †¢ Knowledge of contraception is nearly universal: 98 percent of women and 99 percent of men age 15-49 know one or more methods of contraception. Among the permanent modern Family Planning methods, female sterilization was the most popular Over 97 percent of women and 95 percent men know about female sterilization. Male sterilization, by c ontrast, is known only by 79 percent of women and 87 percent of men. Ninety-three percent of men know about condoms, compared with 74 percent of women. More than 80 percent women and men know about contraceptive pills. Knowledge of contraception is widespread even among adolescents: 94 percent of young women and 96 percent of young men have heard of a modern method of contraception Source: NFHS-3 †¢ †¢ †¢ 6. 5 Family Planning Performance The year 2010-11 ended with 34. 9 million total family planning acceptors at national level comprising of 5. 0 million Sterilizations, 5. 6 million IUD insertions, 16. 0 million condom users and 8. 3 million O. P. users as against 35. 6 million total family planning acceptors in 2009-10 (Table B. 5) xxi Total FP Acceptors 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 6. 6 A total of 50. 09 Lakh sterilizations were performed in the country during 2010-11 as against 49. 98 Lakh in 2009-10. States/UTs viz. Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab. Arunachal, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Daman Diu, Lakshadweep and Puducherry have shown improved performance in 2010-11 as compared to 2009-10. (Nos. 000†²) Sterilisations 6,000 5,000 (Nos. 000†²) 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 The proportion of tubectomy operations to total sterilizations was 95. 6 percent in 2010-11 as against 94. 6 percent in 2009-10 (Table B-6). xxii Though the share of vasectomy operations to total sterilizations is increasing, it is quite insignificant. 6. 7 IUD Insertions: During the year 2010-11, 5. 6 million IUD insertions were reported as against 5. 7 million in 2009-10. Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Arunachal Pr, Delhi, Goa, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, DN Haveli reported better performance in 2010-11 than in 2009-10 (Table B-9). 6. 8 Condom Users and O. P. Users: Based on the distribution figures reported, there were 16. 0 million equivalent users of Condoms and 83. 07 million equivalent users of Oral Pills during 2010-11 (Table B-10, B-11). 6. 9 Number of Births Averted: Implementation of various Family Planning measures averted 16. 335 million births in the country during 2010-11 as compared to 16. 605 million in 2009-10. The cumulative total of births avoided in the country up to 2010-11 was 442. 75 million (Table B-22). 7. 0 PROGRAMMES and SCHEMES 7. The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM): NRHM launched by the Hon’ble Prime Minister on 12th April 2005 throughout the country with special focus on 18 States, including eight Empowered Action Group (EAG) States, the North-Eastern States, Jammu Kashmir and Himachal Prades h, seeks to provide accessible, affordable and quality health care xxiii services to rural population, especially the vulnerable sections. The NRHM operates as an omnibus broadband programme by integrating all vertical health programmes of the Departments of Health and Family Welfare including Reproductive Child Health Programme and various diseases control Programmes. The NRHM has emerged as a major financing and health sector reform strategy to strengthen States Health systems. The NRHM has been successful in putting in place large number of voluntary community health workers in the programme, which has contributed in a major way to improved utilisation of health facilities and increased health awareness. NRHM has also contributed by increasing the human resources in the public health sector, by up-gradation of health facilities and their flexible financing, and by professionalization of health management. The current policy shift is towards addressing inequities, through a special focus on inaccessible and difficult areas and poor performing districts. This requires also improving the Health Management Information System, an expansion of NGO participation, a greater engagement with the private sector to harness their resources for public health goals, and a greater emphasis on the role of the public sector in the social protection for the poor. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 7. 2 NRHM GOALS Reduction in Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) Universal access to public health services such as Women’s health, child health, water, sanitation hygiene, immunization, and Nutrition. Prevention and control of communicable and noncommunicable diseases, including locally endemic diseases Access to integrated comprehensive primary healthcare Population stabilization, gender and demographic balance. Revitalize local health traditions and mainstream AYUSH. Promotion of healthy life styles. Primary Health Care services Health Services are provided to the community through a network of Sub-centres, Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and Community Health Centres (CHCs) in the rural areas and Hospitals and Dispensaries etc. in the urban areas. The Primary Health Care infrastructure in rural areas has been developed as a three-tier system. The norms for establishing Sub centres, PHCs and CHCs are as under: xxiv Centre Plain Area Sub Centre PHC CHC 5000 30000 120000 Population Norms Hilly/Tribal Area 3000 20000 80000 7. 3 Sub-Centres (SCs): The Sub-Centre is the most peripheral and first contact point between the primary health care system and the community. Each Sub-Centre is manned by one Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM) and one Male Health Worker MPW (M). One Lady Health Worker (LHV) is entrusted with the task of supervision of six Sub-Centres. SubCentres are assigned tasks relating to interpersonal communication in order to bring about behavioural change and provide services in relation to maternal and child health, family welfare, nutrition, immunization, diarrhoea control and control of communicable diseases programmes. The Sub-Centres are provided with basic drugs for minor ailments needed for taking care of essential health needs of men, women and children. There were 147069 Sub Centres functioning in the country as on March 2010. An Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM), a female aramedical worker posted at the Sub-Centre and supported by a Male Multipurpose Worker MPW (M) is the front line worker in providing the Family Welfare services to the community. ANM is supervised by the Lady Health Visitor (LHV) posted at PHC. 7. 4 Primary Health Centres (PHCs): PHC is the first contact point between village community and the Medical Officer. The PHCs were envisaged to provide an integrated curative and preventive health care to the rural population with emphasis on preventive and promotive aspects of health care. The PHCs are established and maintained by the State Governments under the Minimum Needs Programme (MNP)/Basic Minimum Services Programme (BMS). There were 23673 PHCs functioning as on March 2010 in the country. A PHC is manned by a Medical Officer supported by 14 paramedical and other staff. It acts as a referral unit for 6 Sub Centres. It has 4-6 beds for patients. The activities of PHC involve curative, preventive, primitive and Family Welfare Services. 7. 5 Community Health Centres (CHCs): CHCs are being established and maintained by the State Government under MNP/BMS programme . It is manned by four medical specialists i. e. Surgeon, Physician, Gynaecologist and Paediatrician supported by 21 paramedical and other staff. It has 30 in-door beds with one OT, X-ray, Labour Room and Laboratory facilities. It serves as a referral centre for 4 PHCs and also provides facilities for obstetric care and specialist consultations. As on March, 2010, there were 4535 CHCs functioning in the country. 7. 6 Reproductive Child Health (RCH) Programme: Reproductive and Child Health Programme is a major component of NRHM and aims at reduction of Infant Mortality Rate, Maternal Mortality Ratio and Total Fertility Rate xxv 7. 7 Janani Suraksha Yojana: The Jannani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) is a 100% centrally sponsored scheme and it integrates cash assistance with delivery and post delivery care. The scheme was launched with focus on demand promotion for institutional deliveries in States and regions where these are low. It targeted lowering of MMR by ensuring that deliveries were conducted by Skilled Birth Attendants at every birth. The Yojana has identified the Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA), as an effective link between the Government and the poor pregnant women in 18 low performing States, namely the 8 EAG States and Assam and JK and the remaining NE States. In other States and UTs, wherever, AWW and TBAs or ASHA like activist has been engaged for this purpose, they can be associated with this Yojana for providing the services. The JSY scheme has shown phenomenal growth in the last three years. Starting with a modest number of 7. 39 Lakhs beneficiaries in 2006-07, the total number reached 113. 89 lakh during 2010-11. 7. Family Welfare Linked Health Insurance Scheme: Family Planning Linked Insurance Scheme was introduced w. e. f. 29th November, 2005 to take care of the cases of failure of Sterilisation, medical complications for death resulting from Sterilisation, and also provide indemn ity cover to the doctor / health facility performing Sterilisation procedure. The scheme is in operation for the last 5 years and is renewed with ICICI Lombard Insurance Company for the sixth year w. e. f. 01-01-2011 based on 50 lakh sterilization acceptors. The total liability of the company is limited to Rs. 25 crore under Section-I and Rs. 1 crore under Section-II. Benefits of the Scheme w. e. f. 1. 1. 011( 6th Year) Section Coverage Financial compensation I following IA Death sterilization (inclusive of Rs. 2 Lakhs death during process of sterilization operation) within 7 days from the date of discharge from the hospital. IB Death following Rs. 50,000 sterilization within 8 – 30 days from the date of discharge from the hospital IC Failure of Sterilization Rs. 30,000 ID Cost of treatment upto Actual not exceeding 60 days arising out of Rs. 25,000 complication following the sterilization operation (inclusive of xxvi II complication during process of sterilization operation) from the date of discharge. Indemnity Insurance per Upto Rs. 2 Lakh per Doctor/facility but not claim more than 4 cases in a year. 7. Compensation for Acceptors of Sterilisation: As a measure to encourage people to adopt permanent method of Family Planning, this Ministry has been implementing a Centrally Sponsored Scheme since 1981 to compensate the acceptors of sterilization for the loss of wages for the day on which he/she attended the medical facility for undergoing sterilization. Compensation for Acceptors of Sterilisation Public facilities Vasectomy Tubectomy Focus 1500 1000 1500 (Rs. ) Accredited Private/NGO facilities Vasectomy Tubectomy 1500 1500 1500 (BPL/SC/ST) High States Non-high Focus States 1000 (BPL/SC/ST) 1500 650 (APL) 8. 0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION SYSTEM The Information System to measure the process and impact of the NRHM including Family Welfare Programme is as below: a) Service Statistics through HMIS and Routine Monitoring b) Sample Registration System Population Census, Office of Registrar General India c) Large scale surveys- National Family Health Surveys, District Level Household and Facility Surveys. Annual Health Survey d) Area specific surveys by Population Research Centres e) Other specific surveys by National International agencies f) Field Evaluation through Regional Evaluation Teams xxvii 8. 1 Service Statistics/Routine Monitoring The Statistics Division in the Ministry of Health Family Welfare is responsible for Monitoring Evaluation activities. 8. 2 Health Management Information System (HMIS) Health services are provided through the network of health centers spread throughout rural and urban areas of the country. Each centre maintains record of its activities in one or more of the primary registers. The performance data collected and compiled primarily at peripheral levels (Rural/Urban) such as Sub-centre, Primary Health Centres, Urban Family Welfare Centres / Post Partum Centres / Hospitals / Dispensaries are presented in Tables C-1 to C-10. For capturing information on the service statistics from the peripheral institutions, an exercise was undertaken to rationalize the facility level data capturing format by removing redundant information, reducing the number of forms and focused on facility based reporting. The revised forms were finalized in September 2008 and disseminated to the States. A web based Health MIS (HMIS) portal was also launched in October, 2008 http://nrhm-mis. nic. n to facilitate data capturing at District level. The HMIS portal has led to faster flow of information from the district level and about 98% of the districts are reporting monthly data since 2009-10. The HMIS portal is now being rolled out to capture information at the facility level. Some of indi cators for which data has been captured through HMIS portal (district level) are included for the first time in the publication (Detailed tables are given in Section–C (Tables C1 to C-10). Data for these indicators are provisional and may only be compared with DLHS-III indicators keeping in view the methodological differences. 8. 3 Tracking of Mothers and Children It has been decided to have a name-based tracking whereby pregnant women and children can be tracked for their ANCs and immunisation along with a feedback system for the ANM, ASHA etc to ensure that all pregnant women receive their Ante-Natal Care (ANCs) and postnatal care (PNCs) Checkups; and the children receive their full immunisation. All new pregnancies detected/being registered from 1st April, 2010 at the first point of contact of the pregnant mother are being captured as also all births occurring from 1st December, 2009. A number of States have established the system and other are putting in place systems to capture such information on a regular basis. Mother and Child Tracking System require intense capacity building at various levels primarily at the Block and Sub-Centre levels. The National Informatics Centre (NIC) has developed software application. The rollout is being monitored centrally. xxviii 8. 4 Large Scale/Demographic Surveys A number of large scale surveys are being conducted by the Ministry of Health Family Welfare as enumerated below: National Family Health Survey (NFHS): The 2005-06, National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) was the third in a series of national surveys preceded by earlier NFHS surveys carried out in 1992-93 (NFHS-1) and 1998-99 (NFHS-2) with the objective to provide essential data on health and family welfare needed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and other agencies for policy and programme purposes, and to provide information on important emerging health and family welfare issues. Annual Health Survey (AHS): The Ministry of Health Family Welfare, in collaboration with the Registrar General of India (RGI), had launched an Annual Health Survey (AHS) in the erstwhile Empowered Action Group States (Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattishgarh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan) and Assam. AHS will provide District-wise data on Total Fertility Rate (TFR), In fant Mortality Rate (IMR) and the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) at the regional level. Other RCH indicators like Ante-natal care, Institutional delivery, immunisation, use of contraceptives will also be available. The aim of the survey was to provide feedback on the impact of the schemes under NRHM in reduction of Total Fertility Rate (TFR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) at the district level and the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) at the regional level by estimating these rates on an annual basis for around 284 districts in these States. The results of the first round of AHS for some of the indicators viz. Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Crude Death Rate (CDR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Neo-natal Mortality Rate, Under Five Mortality Rate, Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB), Sex Ratio (0-4 years) and Total Sex Ratio have been released by the Registrar General of India (RGI). The District-wise data in respect of the above indicators for the nine States viz. Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattishgarh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan and Assam are given in Table D. 6. 0 (Section D). Comparison of State-wise AHS results and SRS: 2009, in respect of five indicators namely Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Crude Death Rate (CDR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Neo-natal Mortality Rate and Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB) reveals that they are broadly comparable (Table D. 6. 1). All 284 districts covered in the AHS (first round) have been ranked by arranging them in ascending order based on the rank of the individual indicators viz. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Neo-natal Mortality Rate, Under 5 Mortality Rate and Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) and presented in Table D. 6. 2. Tables D. 6. 3 and D. 6. 4 give details of bottom 100 districts as per the rankings and also covered under High Focus Districts identified under National Rural Health Mission, xxix The second Round of AHS (2011-12) would also cover additional parameters viz. height weight measurement, blood test for anemia and sugar, blood pressure measurement and testing of iodine in the salt used by households through a separate questionnaire on Clinical, Anthropometric and Biochemical (CAB) test and measurements in addition to the indictors covered in AHS first round. District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS): The District Level Household and Facility S How to cite Family Welfare Statistics 2011, Essay examples

In Situ Hybridization Radiolabeled

Question: Discuss about theIn Situ Hybridization forRadiolabeled. Answer: Introduction: In Situ hybridization can be defined as a technique which involves labeling of a probe consisting of one or more than one genes with radiolabeled or fluorescent dye or a reporter molecule is hybridized to specific cells resulting in a coloured product. This technique uses a labeled complementary DNA, RNA or any other nucleic acid strand in order to localize a particular DNA or RNA sequence (1). The probes generally used in this technique are dsDNA probe, ssDNA probe, RNA probe and synthetic oligonucleotides probe. This report aims to focus on the application, advantages or disadvantages and control measures involved in the technique (2). Application: In Situ hybridization have high significance in the application of locating specific nucleic acid sequences on tissues or chromosomes in order to understand the regulation, organization and specific gene function (5). The various applications of In Situ Hybridization are as follows: To identify the population structure and morphology of microorganisms. This technique is also used in the pathological study such as abnormal gene expression and pathogen profiling. In Situ Hybridization is also applied in phylogenetic analysis and karyotyping. It is also involved in the study of developmental biology such as gene expression profiling. This technique is used in physical mapping (5). Figure: Generation of Riboprobes using In Situ Hybridization (Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) Advantages or Limitations: The main advantage of In Situ Hybridization is that, the technique aids to determine the distribution of specific nucleic acids in relation to the protein products of the gene target. It also enables to identify the relation of the nucleic acids with cellular structures with the application of immunochemistry (4). Moreover, EFTEM technique produces images that can give quantitative information. However, the major disadvantage of In Situ Hybridization is the difficulty in the process of determining targets with low DNSA or RNA copies. Moreover, its time consuming and costly. Data Collected From the Approach: The data generated by FISH depends on the sources of variability during the analysis process (3). The sources of variation might arise from the differences in probe used, sample preparation, hybridization protocols, heterogeneity of intrasample, filters and counting criteria. The fluorescently labeled probe that has hybridized to the nucleus in the cell of interest will appear as specific fluorescent dot. This implicates the success of the hybridization technique using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH). Analytical validation allows the interpretation of the outcome of the FISH data. In addition to this the high degree of probe specificity aids in better interpretation of data in terms of FISH (2). Controls Used: In terms of In Situ Hybridization controls although controls are inclusion of such experiments, they are not used properly. Controls for tissue mRNA quality are added to verify the status of mRNA and tissue (5). In Situ Hybridization controls are of two types, positive and negative controls. Polyd (T) is generally included in the control. Sometimes in certain experiments in situ hybridization is performed using the proper oligonucleotide probe on a new, positive control tissue which is known to contain the sequence of interest (1). Conclusion: In Situ Hybridization is a powerful tool used for localizing of a particular nucleic acid targets within a cell or tissue that helps in the obtaining information about the gene expression and gene loci. The fluorescently labeled probe that has hybridized to the nucleus in the cell of interest will appear as specific fluorescent dot and this data re interpreted to validate the required outcome. There are various applications of In Situ Hybridization such as in the field of microbiology, immunology and pharmacogenomics. However, the limitation of this technique is it is costly and time consuming. References: Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA. Medical microbiology. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015 Oct 28. Nagarajan K, Loh KC. Molecular biology-based methods for quantification of bacteria in mixed culture: perspectives and limitations. Applied microbiology and biotechnology. 2014 Aug 1;98(16):6907-19. Nikolakakis K, Lehnert E, McFall-Ngai MJ, Ruby EG. Use of hybridization chain reaction-fluorescent in situ hybridization to track gene expression by both partners during initiation of symbiosis. Applied and environmental microbiology. 2015 Jul 15;81(14):4728-35. Stender H, Williams B, Coull J. PNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for rapid microbiology and cytogenetic analysis. Peptide Nucleic Acids: Methods and Protocols Second Edition. 2014:167-78. Wagner M, Haider S. New trends in fluorescence in situ hybridization for identification and functional analyses of microbes. Current opinion in biotechnology. 2012 Feb 29;23(1):96-102. Wright ES, Yilmaz LS, Corcoran AM, kten HE, Noguera DR. Automated design of probes for rRNA-targeted fluorescence in situ hybridization reveals the advantages of using dual probes for accurate identification. Applied and environmental microbiology. 2014 Aug 15;80(16):5124-33.